XI B RARY OF THL UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 590.5 FI v. 37-38 BtOLOtii The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft mutilation and underlining of books ore eawns for disciplinary action and may .7in dismissal from the Univers.ty. UN1 VS,TY OP UUNO^BRMV^^ L161 O-1096 Remarks on the Bats of the Genus Vampyrops 1 Colin Campbell Sanborn Curator, Division of Mammals The genus Vampyrops was described by Peters in 1865 with Phyllostoma lineatum Geoffroy as the type species, and including Artibeus vittatus Peters. Since then, ten other forms have been described: Peters (two), Thomas (five), H. Allen, Miller, and Lyon (one each). In this paper but five species are recognized. Examples of this genus, with the exception of lineatus and helleri, have never been available in series. The amount of individual variation has been imperfectly known and seldom has one species been compared directly with another. Chicago Natural History Museum has recently received a series of V. fumosus and a few specimens of other species. These, with material examined in other collections, make it possible to clarify somewhat the status and rela- tionship of the members of the genus. There are, however, a number of questions that cannot be fully answered with the specimens now available. All but three of the known forms were represented in the 158 specimens examined. These were 84 skins with skulls, 13 skins only, 13 skulls from specimens in alcohol, and 61 specimens preserved in alcohol. I wish to thank Miss Eleanor M. 0. Laurie of the British Mu- seum (Natural History) for comparing two specimens from Peru with near topotypes of V. vittatus from Venezuela. Genus VAMPYROPS Peters Vampyrops Peters, 1865, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865: 356; Miller, 1907, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57: 155. Type species. Phyllostoma lineatum E. Geoffroy. 1 This work was done in part by a research grant from the National Science Foundation. 403 404 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 37 Distribution. This genus is known from southern Mexico south to southeastern Peru and southern Brazil. Three species occur together in the Andean region, one species in eastern and one in northeastern South America. The smallest species, helleri, ranges from southern Mexico (Oaxaca and Chiapas) through Central America and down the west coast of South America to Pozuzo, Department of Huanuco, in southeastern Peru. It extends eastward to Trinidad and French Guiana. In eastern South America is found lineatus, a medium-sized species. It ranges from Pernambuco to Santa Catarina, Brazil, and west through Paraguay and southern Mato Grosso to eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz). Its range does not overlap that of helleri. The species recifinus, larger than helleri and slightly smaller than the minimum for lineatus, overlaps the ranges of both these species and fills the gap between them. This, however, is based on the four specimens known, which came from Ceara, Minas Gerais, and Pernambuco, Brazil, and Demerara, British Guiana. In the Andean chain are two other species, vittatus and dorsalis, a large and a medium-sized species, respectively. Both are known from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The type of fumosus (= vittatus) is from the Purus River, western Brazil. Dobson re- corded one specimen of vittatus from Costa Rica, purchased by the British Museum (Natural History). However, extensive collecting in Costa Rica and Panama has failed to produce any more specimens, so the locality is open to question. Habitat. There are few published observations on habitat. Hershkovitz found both vittatus and dorsalis under roots on canyon walls and stream banks. Lyon reported helleri from vegetation at the base of cliffs. In Peru, the type of infuscus (= vittatus) came from a cave, and many specimens from southeastern Peru were taken in caves. Others were found in an old building. The southern Peruvian specimen of dorsalis was taken in "moss on a tree" at an altitude of 2,000 meters. Some Ecuadorian examples are labeled as being taken from holes in trees and from termite nests, but this information is not believed to be reliable. Characters. Bats of medium size, forearm 36.5-61.5 mm.; greatest length of skull 20.0-32.7. Light facial and dorsal stripes usually present. Edge of tail membrane fringed with hair. The color in most of the species is dark brown or black, marked with a white or gray dorsal stripe extending from between the ears SANBORN: BATS OF GENUS VAMPYROPS 405 to the tail membrane. There are also narrow facial stripes from the side of the nose to the ears. These dorsal and facial stripes may be very faint or may be absent in some individuals. There is no external tail, and the membrane is narrow. A well-formed nose leaf is present. In the wings, the fourth metacarpal is the shortest and the third and fifth are subequal. The second phalanges of all fingers are but a little longer than the first phalanges. The wings attach to the base of the first toe, and the wing tips are sometimes white. In all species the ears are rounded and medium in size. In the skull, the rostrum is almost as long as the braincase. The palate extends well beyond the level of the last molar and its posterior edge is either rounded or V-shaped. The zygomatic width is greater than the mastoid width, and the width across the outer edges of the second molar is greater than the length of the tooth row, canine to last molar. Dental formula: i f:f c i pm f:f m |:| = 32. Inner upper incisors larger than the outer, their bases separate but with tips touching; outer incisors small; upper incisors some- times filling the space between the canines; lower incisors small, not crowded, filling the space between the canines; canines long and slender; pm 3 half the height of pm 4 ; pm 3 with well-developed cingulum; pm 4 with secondary cusp on cutting edge; lower pre- molars pointed; pm 2 about two-thirds the height of pm 4 ; m 1 and m' 2 about equal in size and shape, with cingula and outer cusps prominent; m 3 present, varying in size; lower molars with well- developed cusps, m 3 about one-fourth the size of m 2 . Vampyrops vittatus Peters Artibeus vittatus Peters, 1859, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859: 225. Vampyrops vittatus Peters, 1865, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865: 356 (gen. descr.); Gray, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866: 116; Dobson, 1878, Cat. Chirop., p. 524, pi. 29, figs. 1, la (teeth); Alston, 1879, Biol. Centr.-Amer., p. 49, pi. 3, fig. 7 Costa Rica, Venezuela; Allen, 1900, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13: 88 Colombia; op. cit., 20: 458 Colombia; Miller, 1902, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902: 406 Colombia (meas.); Goodwin, 1946, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 87: 320 Costa Rica (meas.). Vampyrops infuscus Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880: 259, figs. 2, 2a (head, ear); Sanborn, 1951, Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. "Javier Prado," Lima, Zool., (A), no. 6, p. 9 (possible syn. fumosus Miller). Vampyrops fumosus Miller, 1902, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902: 405; Sanborn, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20: 101 Ecuador (meas.); op. cit., 27: 377 Peru; Poole and Schantz, 1942, Bull. U. S. Nat. 406 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 37 Mus., 178: 137 (type history); Sanborn, 1951, Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. "Javier Prado," Lima, Zool., (A), no. 6, p. 9 Peru (meas., syn. of infuscus Peters?). Type localities. Vampyrops vittatus: Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, Venezuela. V. infuscus: Grotto of Ninabamba, Hacienda Nina- bamba, Province of Hualgayoc, Department of Cajamarca, Peru. V. fumosus: Hyutanaham, upper Purus River, Brazil. Types. Vampyrops vittatus: ?. V. infuscus: Warsaw Museum; collected by Taczanowski. V. fumosus: U. S. National Museum no. 105530; adult female, skin and skull; collected March 4, 1901, by J. B. Steere. Range. Known from Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and western Brazil. Dobson recorded a purchased specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) from Costa Rica, but this locality is open to question. Description. The largest species; forearm 52.0-61.5 mm.; greatest length of skull 30.0-32.3 mm.; upper tooth row 12.0-13.2 mm. The color ranges from dull brown to black, with dorsal stripe clear white; it may be prominent, faintly indicated, or absent. The facial stripes are well marked and dull brown or absent. In the skull, pm 3 shows great variation in size. Measurements (Peruvian specimens in parentheses). Forearm 52.0-61.5 mm. (55.0-61.5); third finger, metacarpal 59.0-59.9 (54.0-58.9), first phalanx 21.8-24.7 (22.4-24.0), second phalanx 31.1-34.3 (31.0-33.6), third phalanx 21.7-24.5 (21.9-24.9); fourth finger, metacarpal 53.8-58.5 (52.8-57.9), first phalanx 18.7-19.9 (17.9-20.6), second phalanx 20.6-23.9 (20.9-22.9) ; fifth finger, meta- carpal 56.5-61.4 (54.9-61.0), first phalanx 14.7-15.6 (13.8-16.3), second phalanx 17.9-20.8 (18.2-19.9). Tibia 22.8-23.5 (21.5-24.1). Skull: greatest length 30.0-32.7 mm. (30.3-32.3); condylo-basal length 27.0-30.0 (27.0-29.4); palatal length 12.5-14.6 (13.2-14.0); interorbital width 6.8-7.4 (6.5-7.2); zygomatic width 18.0-19.8 (18.2-19.0); mastoid width 14.7-15.7 (14.3-15.8) ; width of braincase 12.3-13.5 (12.3-13.2); upper tooth row 12.0-13.2 (12.0-12.6); width across base of canines 7.6-8.4 (8.0-8.8); width across outer edges of molars 13.7-14.9 (13.5-14.5). Specimens examined. Total 49. Venezuela: San Esteban, 1 male, 1 female (BM). Colombia: Santa Marta, 1 male, 1 female (BM); Victoria, Santa Marta, 1 male, 1 female (BM); Valdivia, 1 female (BM); Rio Macayo, Canquete, 1 male (ale), 1 female (CNHM); Valparaiso, Santa Marta, 2 no sex (AMNH); Ricarte, SANBORN: BATS OF GENUS VAMPYROPS 407 1 male, skull only (AMNH); Villavicencio, 1 no sex (CNHM). Brazil: Purus River, 1 female, type (USNM). Ecuador: Sumaco, Oriente, 1 male (BM); Boca Rio Curaray, 6 no sex (AMNH); Rio Pindo Yaco, Oriente, 2 males, 1 female; Montalvo, Rio Bobonaso, 1 male; Rio Copataza, Oriente, 1 female; Barros, Oriente, 1 male; Rio Cotapino, Oriente, 1 male (CNHM). Peru: Vitoc Valley, Tarma, Junin, 1 male, 2 females (ale); Hacienda Cadena, Cuzco, 4 males, 2 females; Huajyumbe, Cuzco, 5 males, 3 females; San Juan Grande, Cuzco, 1 male, 3 females (2 ale.) ; all CNHM. Habitat. Ecuadorian specimens are marked as coming from holes in trees and one from a hole in a termite nest, but this infor- mation may not be accurate. The type of infuscus and all specimens from southeastern Peru were found in caves. Those from Junin roosted "in the ruins of an abandoned huge farm in the forest." In Colombia, Philip Hershkovitz found three roosting under tree roots exposed on the side of a low bank along a stream. Remarks. Specimens from southeastern Peru named fumosus were compared with two near topotypes from San Esteban, Vene- zuela, by Miss Laurie in the British Museum (Natural History) . She reported that "externally, though the measurements are much the same, the white stripes on the head and back are much more promi- nent in vittatus than in fumosus. In the skull the upper cheek teeth of fumosus are obviously narrower than those of vittatus; the teeth in the lower jaw also differ in size." The white striping is extremely variable, being present in one and absent in another of two specimens from the same locality taken the same day. A comparison of all material has shown no constant difference in the width of the molars. The type of infuscus from northern Peru was described as having no white dorsal stripe. The forearm is short (52.0 mm.) but is equaled by a specimen from Ecuador. From the description, it appears to differ from fumosus (= vittatus) only in the absence of the white dorsal stripe. There are no material barriers between these three species: vittatus, from Venezuela and Colombia; infuscus, from northern Peru; and fumosus from western Brazil, east-central and south- eastern Peru. They are here considered as one species, vittatus. Vampyrops dorsalis Thomas Vampyrops dorsalis Thomas, 1900, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 5: 269; Allen, 1916, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35: 226 Colombia; Sanborn, 1951, 408 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 37 Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., "Javier Prado," Lima, Zool., (A), no. 6, p. 10 southeastern Peru. Vampyrops lineatus Bangs, 1900, Proc. N. E. Zool. Club, 1: 100 Colombia (San Antonio, Palomino; San Miguel [type of umbratus]). Vampyrops umbratus Lyon, 1902, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15: 151; Allen, 1931, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71: 236 (type history); Hershkovitz, 1949, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99: 443 Colombia (meas.). Vampyrops oratus Thomas, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14: 411. Type localities. Vampyrops dorsalis: Paramba, Ecuador. V. um- bratus: San Miguel, 5,260 feet, northern slope of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Department of Magdalena, Colombia. V. oratus: Galifari, alt. 6,500 feet, Sierra de Avila, northern Venezuela. Types. Vampyrops dorsalis: British Museum (Natural History) no. 99.12.5.1; skin and skull; collected April 14, 1899, by R. Miketta. V. umbratus: Museum of Comparative Zoology no. 8180; male, skin and skull; collected June 8, 1898, by E. A. and O. Bangs. V. oratus: British Museum (Natural History) no. 14.7.27.1; adult male, skin and skull; collected December 13, 1913, by S. M. Klages. Range. Known from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and south- eastern Peru. Description. Intermediate in size between vittatus and lineatus, forearm 41.9^49.0 mm., greatest length of skull 25.0-27.5, length of upper tooth row 9.5-10.9. The color is a dark gray-brown or almost black, paler below. The facial and dorsal stripes are usually present. The skull is like that of vittatus but smaller, and the last molar is relatively large. Measurements. Forearm 41.9-49.0 mm. External measure- ments of two males (ale): tibia 16.1-16.1; third finger, metacarpal 43.3-43.9, first phalanx 16.6-17.6, second phalanx 22.6-23.5, third phalanx 18.5-18.8; fourth finger, metacarpal 41.4-41.9, first phalanx 14.6-15.1, second phalanx 15.2-15.9; fifth finger, metacarpal 42.1- 43.5, first phalanx 11.1-11.5, second phalanx 12.5-12.7. Skull: greatest length 25.0-27.5 mm.; condylo-basal length 23.0-25.1; palatal length 10.6-13.7; interorbital width 6.2-6.8; inter- temporal width 6.0-6.3; zygomatic width 14.4-16.2; mastoid width 12.4-13.5; width of braincase 10.6-11.3; upper tooth row 9.5-10.9; width across outer edges of canines at base 5.8-6.9; width across outer edges of molars 10.4-11.5. Specimens examined. Total 10. Colombia: Sierra de Perija, Sierra Nigra Magdalena, 4 males (2 ale), 1 female (USNM); San Sebastian, 2,000 meters, 1 male (CNHM). Ecuador: Paramba, SANBORN: BATS OF GENUS VAMPYROPS 409 1,100 meters, 1 no sex, type of dorsalis (BM); Tunguilla Valley, 1,500 meters, 1 subadult male (CNHM). Peru: Cuzco, Camante, 2,000 meters, 1 male (CNHM). Venezuela: Galifari, 6,500 feet, Sierra de Avila, 1 male, type of oralus (BM). Habitat. One Colombian specimen was taken from a group of three roosting under tree roots at the top of a ten foot canyon wall. Others were found in fissures in limestone cliffs in ones, twos, and threes. The Peruvian specimen was taken "in moss on tree," according to the collector. Remarks. Vampyrops dorsalis was described from Ecuador in 1900 by Oldfield Thomas. Dr. M. W. Lyon, Jr., described umbratus in 1902 from Colombia. He made no reference to dorsalis in his original description and could not have been familiar with it. The description and measurements of both species are very similar. While but ten specimens have been available for examination, no differences can be found to separate umbratus from dorsalis. The skull of the type of oralus Thomas has been examined. The difference described the development of the inner ledges of the mo- lars appears to be individual variation. It agrees in size with dorsalis. A specimen of dorsalis, without skull, was recorded by J. A. Allen (1916) from Ricarte, Colombia. A skull was associated with the skin when examined. The forearm is broken but is estimated to be about 50.0 mm. The skull, however, is too large for dorsalis and equals measurements of vittatus. It is believed that the skin repre- sents dorsalis and the skull vittatus. Vampyrops lineatus E. Geoffroy Phyllostoma lineatum Geoffroy, 1810, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 15: 180; Wagner, 1844, Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth., 1: 408; op. cit., 1855, 5: 633; Burmeister, 1854, Thiere Bras., p. 48. Arctibeus lineatus Gray, 1838, Mag. Zool. Bot., 2: 487. Artibaeus lineatus Gervais, 1855, Exped. Castelnau, Zool., p. 35, pi. 10, fig. 2 (teeth). Vampyrops lineatus Peters, 1865, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865: 356; op. cit., 1876: 430, pi. 1, figs. 8-14 (head, tragus, skull, teeth); Dobson, 1878, Cat. Chirop., p. 522 (descr., meas.); Alston, 1879, Biol. Centr.- Amer., p. 48; Goeldi, 1893, Mamm. Bras., p. 59; Allen, 1889, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1889: 218 (wings); Thomas, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 8: 442 Paraguay (color); Thomas, 1903, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1903, pt. 2, p. 235 Brazil; Allen, 1908, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 52: 38 eastern Brazil (meas.); Toldt, 1908, Denksch. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76: 45 Brazil; Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 6: 500 northeastern Brazil; Cabrera, 1912, Trab. Mus. Nac. Cien. Nat., no. 11 , 410 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 37 p. 44; Allen, 1916, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35: 599 Brazil (habits, habitat); Cabrera, 1917, Trab. Mus. Nac. Cien. Nat., no. 31, p. 14 Brazil; Sanborn, 1932, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 21: 178 Bolivia; Cunha Vieira, 1942, Arq. Zool., Sao Paulo, 3: 335, fig. 27 (animal) Brazil (meas.). Vampyrops lineatus sacrillus Thomas, 1924, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 13: 236. Type localities. Vampyrops lineatus: Paraguay. V. lineatus sacrillus: Rio Doce, Espiritu Santo, Brazil. Types. Vampyrops lineatus: not known. V. lineatus sacrillus: British Museum (Natural History) no. 23.12.12.9; adult male; re- ceived from Buenos Aires Museum; provisional number 54. Range. Eastern Brazil from Pernambuco to Santa Catarina, and west through Paraguay and southern Mato Grosso to eastern Bolivia. Description. A medium-sized species with a forearm of 43.7-50.1 mm., greatest length of skull 23.9-26.1, and length of upper tooth row 8.5-9.3. The white dorsal and facial stripes are always promi- nent. The general color of the upper parts is dark brown and in individuals in worn pelage a lighter gray brown. The under parts are always lighter than the upper. V. lineatus is lighter-colored than all the other species except helleri, from which it may be dis- tinguished by its larger size. Measurements. Forearm 43.7-50.1 mm. External measure- ments of one male, seven females (ale.) : tibia 16.8-20.0; third finger, metacarpal 43.2-48.2, first phalanx 15.9-17.9, second phalanx 22.0- 25.2, third phalanx and tip 15.1-18.5; second finger, metacarpal 41.9-46.0, first phalanx 13.6-14.5, second phalanx 16.4-18.8; third finger, metacarpal 43.3-47.4, first phalanx 10.5-11.2, second phalanx 13.4-15.5. Skull: greatest length 23.9-26.1 mm.; condylo-basal length 21.2-23.4; palatal length 9.5-11.4; interorbital width 5.9-6.6; zygo- matic width 13.6-15.1; mastoid width 11.7-12.7; width of braincase 10.3-11.2; upper tooth row 8.5-9.3; width across canines 5.3-6.3; width across molars 9.8-10.8. Specimens examined. Total 60. Brazil: Salto Grande, Parana, 1 female (USNM); Urucum, Mato Grosso, 5 males (3 ale), 21 females (14 ale.) (CNHM); Fazenda Capao Bonito, Mato Grosso, 1 male (ale), 27 females (ale); Valparaiso, Sao Paulo, 1 female (ale). Paraguay: Sapucay, 1 female (CNHM), 2 females (ale) (USNM). Bolivia: Cercado, Santa Cruz, 1 female (CNHM). Habitat. Specimens from Urucum, Mato Grosso, were taken on the first floor of an old saw mill. A large cluster, or ball, containing SANBORN: BATS OF GENUS VAMPYROPS 411 from fifty to seventy-five individuals, hung from the rafters in a fairly light place. Another smaller group was below the floor in a slightly darker location. This appears to be the only species that lives in large colonies, the others being found singly or in much smaller groups. Remarks. Thomas described V. I. sacrillus as having "the skull and teeth smaller" than in lineatus. The measurements show that the greatest length of the type skull is 0.6 mm. shorter and the tooth row 0.1 mm. shorter than the minimum for lineatus. The type locality of sacrillus is in the center of the coastal range of lineatus and there appears to be no geographic reason for subspeciation. It is here considered a synonym of V. lineatus. Vampyrops helleri Peters Vampyrops helleri Peters, 1866, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866: 392; Dobson, 1878, Cat. Chirop., p. 524; Allen, 1889, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1889: 318; Lyon, 1902, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24: 149 , Venezuela (habitat, breed., meas., color); Bangs, 1905, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46: 140 Panama; Miller, 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42: 25 Panama; Goldman, 1920, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69, no. 5, p. 200 Panama (descr.); Goodwin, 1942, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 79: 23 (descr., meas.); 1946, op. cit., 87: 319 Costa Rica (descr., meas.); Hall and Jackson, 1953, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5: 645 Panama Canal Zone (weight). Vampyrops zarhinus Allen, 1891, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1891: 400; Thomas, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 8: 512 Para, Brazil (teeth); Osgood, 1914, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 10: 178 Peru; Goldman, 1920, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69, no. 5, p. 200 (equals helleri); Thomas, 1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10), 2: 259, 288 Peru; Allen, 1931, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71: 236 (type history); Cunha Vieira, 1942, Arq. Zool., Sao Paulo, 3: 355 Para, Brazil; Sanborn, 1949, Jour. Mamm., 30: 282 Peru (meas.). Vampyrops lineatus Ferrari-Perez, 1886, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9: 128 Mexico; J. A. Allen, 1893, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5: 238 Costa Rica; Festa, 1906, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino, 21, no. 524, p. 6 Darien, Panama. Vampyrops zarhinus incarum Thomas, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 9: 408. Type localities. Vampyrops helleri: Mexico. V. zarhinus: Pas Obispo, Canal Zone, Panama; originally quoted as Thayer Expe- dition, Brazil. V. zarhinus incarum: Pozuzo, Peru. Types. Vampyrops helleri: ?. V. zarhinus: Museum of Compa- rative Zoology no. 3211; female in alcohol; Hassler Expedition 1872. V. zarhinus incarum: British Museum (Natural History) no. 12.1.15.1; collected by L. Egg; adult male in alcohol; skull removed and cleaned. 412 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 37 Range. From Mexico (Chiapas and Oaxaca) south to Trinidad and to Amazonas, Brazil, on the east, and to east-central Peru (Pucalpa on the Rio Ucayali) on the west. Description. The smallest species, with forearm of 36.5^41.3 mm., greatest length of skull 20.0-23.0, and length of upper tooth row 7.0-8.5. The facial and dorsal stripes are always present. The color is some shade of brown, about as in lineatus. Specimens from Matapalo, Tumbez, northern Peru, are much darker than one from Yurimaguas, Loreto, and two from Pucalpa, Lore to, Peru. Measurements. Forearm 36.5-41.3 mm. External measurements of four males: tibia 14.4-15.9, calcar 3.0-4.5; third finger, metacarpal 39.0-41.7, first phalanx 13.6-14.9, second phalanx 20.5-23.7, third phalanx and tip 13.5-14.4; fourth finger, metacarpal 36.5-38.9, first phalanx 11.8-12.5, second phalanx 12.5-14.8; fifth finger, metacarpal 37.4-39.4, first phalanx 9.3-10.0, second phalanx 11.7-13.3. Skull: greatest length 20.0-23.0 mm.; condylo-basal length 17.9-20.7; palatal length 7.7-10.7; interorbital width 4.9-6.2; inter- temporal width 5.2-5.9; zygomatic width 11.5-13.0; mastoid width 9.6-11.1; width of braincase 8.9-9.8; upper tooth row 7.0-8.5; width across canines 4.9-5.8; width across molars 8.2-9.7. Specimens examined. Total 33. Mexico: Fulta, Oaxaca, 1 male (CNHM). Honduras: Tapasuna, 2 males (CNHM). Costarica: Guayabo, 1 male, 1 female (CNHM); Jiminez, 1 female (AMNH). Panama: Cabina, 2 males (ale.) (USNM); Cana, 1 female (USNM). French Guiana: Cayenne, 2 males (CNHM). Trinidad: Spring Hill, 1 female (ale), skull cleaned (AMNH). Brazil: Oroso, Rio Amazonas, 4 females (AMNH). Venezuela: Tachira, Colon, 2 males (1 ale), 1 female (CNHM); San Julian, 4 females (USNM). Colombia: Cacagualito, 1 female (AMNH); Sasaima, 1 female (AMNH). Peru: Matapalo, Tumbez, 3 males (CNHM); Yuri- maguas, Loreto, 1 female (CNHM); Pucalpa, Loreto, 2 females (CNHM); Rio Mayan, 1 female (AMNH). Habits. Lyon (1902) reported that the four females taken in Venezuela "were found hanging together from the under side of some large plantain-like leaves in the dense and gloomy thicket at the foot of a cliff." The Peruvian specimens from Tumbez were shot in flight. Remarks. V. Z. incarum Thomas from Pozuzo, Huanuco, Peru, is the southernmost record for the species. It was described as smaller than helleri but on one specimen the difference is so little as SANBORN: BATS OF GENUS VAMPYROPS 413 to be attributable to individual variation. It is here considered as a synonym of helleri. Vampyrops recifinus Thomas Vampyrops recifinus Thomas, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 8: 192 (foot- note); Cunha Vieira, 1942, Arq. Zool., Sao Paulo, 3: 356 Pernambuco (meas., descr.). Type locality. Pernambuco (Recife), State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Type. British Museum (Natural History) no. 81.3.16.4. Col- lected by W. A. Forbes. Range. Pernambuco, Sete Lagoes, Minas Gerais, and Ceara, Brazil; Demerara, British Guiana. Description. Intermediate in size between helleri and lineatus; larger than the former and about the size of the minimum for the latter. Forearm 41.0-43.0 mm.; greatest length of skull 23.9-24.1; length of upper tooth row 8.3-8.9 mm. The color is as in lineatus. The upper incisors are slightly larger than in helleri and smaller than in lineatus. Measurements. Forearm 41.0-43.0 mm. External measure- ments of two females (ale): tibia 16.5-17.2 mm.; third finger, metacarpal 43.5-43.5, first phalanx 14.4-15.8, second phalanx 23.5-23.9, third phalanx 14.3-15.5; fourth finger, metacarpal 41.4- 42.4, first phalanx 12.2-13.1, second phalanx 14.0-14.5; fifth finger, metacarpal 42.3-43.2, first phalanx 9.8-10.9, second phalanx 10.8- 12.6. Skull: greatest length 23.9-24.1 mm.; condylo-basal length 20.2-21.7; palatal length 8.2-9.9; interorbital width 5.7-6.1; zygo- matic width 13.8-14.0; mastoid width 11.3-11.6; width of braincase 9.5-10.3; length of upper tooth row 8.3-8.9; width across outer edges of canines at base 5.6-6.0; width across outer edges of molars 9.9-10.4. Specimens examined. Total 4. Brazil: Pernambuco, 1 male (BM, type); Sete Lagoes, Minas Gerais, 1 female (ale), skull clean (BM); Sao Paulo, Serra de Ibiapaba, Ceara, 1 male (CNHM). British Guiana: Demerara, 1 female (ale), skull cleaned (BM). Habitat. The Ceara specimen is marked "shot in banana planta- tion." Remarks. This species is characterized mainly by its size. Thomas noted that the upper incisors were small and did not touch, but this size does not appear to be constant.