tr LT) oi II CD a a m a SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. POUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc. D., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. ORIENTAL BULIMOID HELICID^E ; ODONTOSTOMIN^E ; CERIONID^E. PHILADELPHIA : Published by the Conchological Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF I'HII.ADELl'HI A. 1901-2. 594 T V 14- CONTENTS. Family HELICID^. Genus AMPHIDROMUS Albers (continued) . . . 282 S. g. Beddomea Nev., p. 1 ; Pseudopartula Pfr., p. 9, . 167 Genus DRAPARNAUDIA Montrouzier . . .12, 283 Genus EULOTA, s. g. Dolicheulota Pils 18 Family ZOXITID.E. Genus CALYCIA H. Adams 20 (Position uncertain.) BOCOURTIA Rochebrune 23 Family BULIMULID^. Subfamily ODONTOSTOMINJE Pils 24 Genus MACRODONTES Swainson 29 Genus ANCTUS von Martens 36 Genus ODONTOSTOMUS Beck 38, 169 Genus HYPERAULAX Pilsbry 102 Genus TOMIGERUS Spix 105 Genus ANOSTOMA Fischer de Waldheim .... 109 Appendix to Bulimoid Snails. Family ACAVID^E, subfamily STROPHOCHILIN^E. Genus STROPHOCHEILUS Spix . . . .116, 281 Family BULIMULID^E. Genus PLEKOCHEILUS Guilding 127 Genus AURIS Spix 132 Genus XENOTHAUMA Fulton 134 Genus BULIMULUS Leach 135, 282 Genus NEOPETR.EUS von Martens 152 2 Genus OXYCHONA Morch . . . . . .154 Genus DRYM^EUS Albers ...... 154 Genus PORPHYROBAPHE Shuttleworth .... 163 Genus OXYSTYLA Schliiter . . . . . .164 Genus BOTHRIEMBRYON Pilsbry ..... 166 Genus PLACOSTYLUS Beck 167 UNDETERMINED BULIMULID^E 171 Family CERIONID^E. Genus CERION Morch . . . . . . . 174 INDEX TO CERION . 284 EXPLANATION OF PLATES ....... 287 Dates of issue of the parts of Volume XIV .... 302 THE author gratefully acknowledges assistance, either in the form of specimens or information, received from Dr. H. von Ihering, Professor Wm. H. Dall, Messrs. E. R. Sykes, Geo. H. Clapp, Wm. Moss and others. The value of this volume has been materially enhanced by these favors. NOTE. A synopsis of the soft anatomy of the Bulimulidce, and an index to the species contained in volumes X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV, will be issued with the next number of the MANUAL, as a supplement to the present volume. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. XIV Oriental Bulimi, American Bultmulidte, etc. Part I __ ORIENTAL BULIMOID HELICID.E AND ZONITID.E. It seems convenient to group in this place certain Eastern genera, which like Amphidromus were formerly referred to the Bulimutida or Bulimidtz, but are now known to be elongated Helices. The genera in question are as follows : LICID^E of the group EpiphaUogona. Amphidromus, with subgenera Beddomea and Fsendopartida. Draparnaudiu . Group Bdogona euadenia. Eulota, subgenus Doiicheulota. ZONITID.E. CaJycia. Incertce sedis. Bocourtia. Genus AMPHIDROMUS (Continued). Subgenus BEDDOMEA Nevill, 1878. Be.ddomea NEV., Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, pt. 1, p. 127, type A. ceylanicus Pfr. PILSBRY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 158, pi. 1C (anatomy) Amphidromus and Phengus, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France pour 1894, vii, p. 29o, 296 Bulimus of many authors. Shell umbilicate or perforate, oblong-conic, often carinated at the periphery, white or with brown bands or streaks; aperture usually quite oblique ; peristome reflexed. Genitalia (pi. 2, fig. 22) of typically epiphallogonous type, the- 2 AMPHIDROMDS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. flagellum longer than and the epiphallus about as long as the penis. Duct of the oblong or ovate spermatheca lengthened, more than double the length of the penis. Penis with a large apical papilla (fig. 22). Lung (pi. 2, fig. 23) having the pulmonary vein without large branches, the venation densest on the intestinal side and near the pneumostome, weak or well developed on the cardiac side. Kidney long and narrow, nearly or quite four times the length of the peri- cardium. Ureter reflexed, the secondary ureter a closed tube. Muscles : Retractor of the penis inserted on the diaphragm as usual. The pharyngeal retractor is united to the right ocular and pedal band far forward ; the left ocular muscle passes to the right of the genitalia, not between the male and female branches (pi. 2, fig. 21). Jaw well arched, thin, with its lower margin crenulated by 10-14 Hat ribs which seem separated by narrow intervals in the median part, but are contiguous or overlapping towards the ends. It is similar to that of some species of Papuina } intermediate between the plaited and the ribbed types. Radula of the usual form in HelicidcE, the transverse rows of teeth bent at a wide angle in the middle. Rhachidian and admedian teeth with single, long, broadly rounded cusps. These pass by a gradual transition to the lateral type, in which the tooth is inclined and bears a three-lobed cusp. Distribution, southern India and Ceylon. Named for Col. C. E. Beddome. The shell does not have the brilliant coloring of many AnipJti- dromus, and is minutely punctulate, at least on the spire. The area of distribution is separated from that of true Amphidromus. I have elsewhere shown that Reddomea agrees with Amphidromus in the long, band-like kidney, the pattern of lung-venation, the arrange- ment of the muscles (except the eye retractor), the reproductive system and the jaw. It differs from Amphidromus in having the eye retractor muscle to the right of, instead of between the branches of the genitalia, in having the cusps of the teeth of the median field of the radula brosidly rounded and simple, instead of deeply cloven into three cusps as all tin 1 side-teeth are in the restricted group Amphidromus; and fiuallv in having the radula longer than in Amphidromus. AMPHIDROMUS, S.-U. BEDDOMEA. " In view of the general agreement, it scarcely seems well-advised to accord Beddomea higher rank than that of a subgenus of Amphi- dromus. None of the three structural differences mentioned is of much importance, though I do not doubt that they will prove con- stant in Beddomea. When some of the species of Amphidronms . which are conchologically nearest Beddomea (such as A. sylheticus) come to be examined, transitions may not unlikely be found in the dentition. In the long flagellum, Beddomea is more like the larger, amphidrome species of Amphidromus than the smaller, invariably sinistral species, which so far as known, have this organ much shorter." (H. A. P., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vi, p. 160.) Key to Species of Beddomea. I. Solid and opaque, variegated with brown bands or stripes. trifasciatus, p. 3. II. Rather thin, very pale or white, without dark markings. a. Periphery rounded or but slightly angular; Ceylon: ceylanicus, p. 5 ; S. India : pf/ysalis, p. 8. a. 1 Periphery strongly carinate ; dextral, Ceylon. allizonattts, p. 7. o 2 Periphery strongly carinate; sinistral; Travancore. calcadensis, p. 9. A. TRIFASCIATUS (Gmelin). PI. 1, figs. 1-6, 8. Shell dextral, compressed-umbilicate, thin but moderately strong, whitish with three brown spiral bands, the upper one often inter- rupted, faint or wanting, or with two wide bands separated by a light zone at the periphery; the spire white or streaked. Surface somewhat glossy, slightly striate, and under a lens showing a minute punctula- tion on the spire, wanting on the last and usually on the next to the last whorls. Spire conic, the apex very obtuse ; whorls about 5^, slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery and beneath. Aperture oblique, ovate, white with dark markings within ; lip re- flexed, white, the columellar margin triangularly dilated. Alt. 27, diiim. 16, longest axis of aperture 13.5 mm. Alt. 28, diam. 14. a, longest axis of aperture 13 mm. Ceylon. Helix trifasciata tranguebarica CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, pt. 2, p. 155, pi. 134, f. 1215 Helix trifasciata GMKL., Syst. Nat. (1-M, 4 AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. p. 3642 DILLAVYN, Descr. Catal. ii, p'. 933. Bidimus trifasciatus BRUG. Encycl. Me"ih., p. 317. DESII. in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 261. PFR., Monogr. ii, 58; iii, 323; iv, 382; vi, 28; viii, 43; Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, pi. 41. f. 16, 17 REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 39, fig. 237 HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 21, f. 3. LAYARD, Ann. and Mag. N. Ii. (2), xi, p. 226 (1853). Amphidro- mus trifasciatus Jouss., Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 295. Buliminus (Cerastus) trifasciatus Brng., Nevill, Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 132. Buliminus (Beddomea) trifasciatus, Chemnitz, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 677, pi. 102, f. 22. Amphidromus (Bed- dotnea') ceylanicus (Pfr-), PILSBRY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 159 (anatomy), pi. 16, f. 3 (jaw), of specimen figured on pi. 1, fig. 8 Helix (Coc/Jogena) trizonaUs FER., Prodr., no. 417. Bulimus zonatus SWAINSON, Zool. lllustr. i, pi. 17 (1820). Bulimus fusco- ventris BENSON, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, p. 96. PFR., Monogr. iv, 404; vi, 51. (= young trifasciatus according to Hani. & Theob., Conch. Ind., p. 11, from examination of the type) B. ceylanicus HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 11, pi. 21, f. 2 ; p. 59, pi. 148, f. 9. Bulimus rufopictus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2) xviii, p. 96. PFR., Monogr. iv, 404. HANL. & THEOB. Conch. Ind., p. 11, pi. 21, f. 10 Buliminus (Beddomea) rufopictus Bens., KOBELT, Con- chyl. Cab., p. 670, pi. 102, f. 11. Amphidromus rufopictus Jouss- EAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1894, p. 295. A. trifasciatus varies notably both in form and coloring, the wide specimens, like fig. 1, being typical. Narrow shells with the aperture smaller and a light peripheral girdle between two wide brown bands are more abundant. It varies to forms like fig. 3 of the Conchologia Indica, and others (pi. 1, fig. 2) before me from Matella, etc., having the spire more or less maculate, and sometimes with a subsutural brown line, leading to var. rufopictus. In another series, by loss of spiral bands a streaked form (fig. 8) is produced, such as that taken by Mr. Collett at Columbo, or a nearly uniform color. At Tamanka Layard collected specimens varying from cream-white, with only the faintest traces of streaks, to white with t\vo heavy chestnut bands below and a faint line below the suture (pi. 1, fig. 5). A somewhat similar shell, but with the peristome purplish, is figured by Hanley and Theobald as a variety of ceylanicus, locality not given. Speci- mens collected by Mr. O. Collett at Uda Pussellawa (pi. 1, fig. 6), AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. have two purple-brown bands, one above, the other below the periph- ery, and a white lip. The lower of these two bands is homologous with the upper one of the Tamanka shells. These several forms seem to be closely connected with one another, and not separable as species. A. trifasciatus " I should term a low country species. I have taken it about Galle and Matura." " Essentially a tree species." (Layard. ) Var. rufopictus (Benson). PI. 1, fig. 9. Shell smaller, alt. 19- 23 mm., usually two- or three-banded below, spotted or dotted with corneous-brown on a pale brown ground, the first two whorls uniform. Surface of spire densely punctate. Ceylon: Kandy, 1,500 ft. elev. (O. Collett) ; Akurambode (Lay- ard.) Distinguished chiefly by its copious maculation. A specimen from Kandy before me is more conic than that figured from Akurambode, with the bands nearly obsolete. A. CEYLANICUS (Pfciffer). PI. 1, fig. 7. Shell openly perforate, ovate-conic, solid, obliquely striatulate, somewhat shining, white or fleshy-brown ; spire conic, rather acute; whorls 6, flattened, the last about three-sevenths the length of the shell ; columella slightly arcuate. Aperture truncate-oval ; peristome widely expanded, a little reflexed, the columellar margin dilated, reflexed, spreading. Length 27, diam. 14, aperture inside 11 mill, long (Pfr.). Ceylon (Templeton, in Cuming coll.). Bulimus ceylanicus PFK., Symbohe Hel. iii, p. 83 (1846); Monogr. ii, p. 59. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 43, f. 274. DESH., in Fer., Histoire, p. 70, pi. 145, f. 5, 6. LAYARD, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xi, p. 226 (1853). Buliminus (Beddomea) ceylanicus Pfr., KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 680, not the figures. This species differs from A. albizonatus and its varieties in the rounded last whorl, a keel being absent. Pfeiffer's dimensions agree with a specimen before me if his method of measuring the diameter be followed. Including the outer lip, the shell would be wider, length 26^, diam. 15^ mill. In my opinion the shells figured for ceylanicus in the Concholoyia Indica are forms of A. trifasciatus, and not Pfeiffer's species. Kobelt lias copied these figures in the Con- chylien Cabinet, pi. 103, f. 5, 6. Mr. E. R. Sykes (in lift.) writes that he believes ceylanicus and D AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. albizonatus will prove to *be extreme varieties of a single species. The former name is the earlier. The specimen dissected by me, reported as ceylanicus (Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond.), is a streaked but bandless form of trifasciatus. " The animal is of a beautiful green color, and when alive shines through the shell. I am told they feed much on coffee bushes. Essentially a tree species '' (Layard). Var. INTERMEDIUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 1, figs. 10, 11, 12. Shell perforate, elongate-conic, rather solid, obliquely striatulate punctulate, glossy, white; spire conic, rather obtuse; suture lightly impressed, simple, whorls 6, rather flattened, the last about three - sevenths the length of shell, subangular below the middle, the base swollen ; columella slightly folded, somewhat receding. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval ; peristome rather broadly expanded, a little reflexed, margins joined by a thin callus, the columellar margin dilated, triangular and flat. Length 34, diam. 16 mill.; aperture with perislome 17 mill, long, 8 wide inside (Pfr.). Ceylon (Thwaites, type in Cuming coll.); Wutawala (O. Collett). Bulitnus intermedius PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 291 ; Novit. Conch., i, p. 30, pi. 8, f. 10, 11; Monogr., iv, 386 HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Indica, pi. 19, f. 6, 8 (perhaps are ceylanicus) Phengus intermedius JOUSSEAUME, t. c., p. 295 Helix (Geotrochiis) mesogena MARTENS, Die Hel., p. 168 (1860); a substitute for Pfeitf'er's name. Amphidromus (Beddomea) intermedius Pfr., PILSBRY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iv, p. 158, pi. l(i, f. 2, 2a, 4, 6, 7 (anatomy). Buliminus (Beddomea) intermedius Pfr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 679, pi. 103, f. 2, 3. The extremely thin cuticle is deciduous ; when present it is faintly yellow tinted beneath. The angle at the periphery is so slight as to be scarcely noticeable ; in many specimens it hardly modifies the oval contour of the last whorl, and sometimes can scarcely be seen. The specimens before me are punctulate only on the spire, the last whorl being smooth. They vary in si/e from 29 to 34 nun. Figs. 10, 11 are copies of the type figures; Mg. 12 is from a Watawala specimen. Differs from ceylanicus in being larger and faintly keeled, but probably all intergrades occur. The weakness of the peripheral cariua is all that separates intermedius from albizonatus, but this character varies widely in both forms. AMPHIDKOMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. 7 A. ALBIZONATUS (Reeve). PI. 1, fig. 14, If), Ki. Shell somewhat pyramidally conical, rather depressed at the base, scarcely umbilicated ; whorls seven in number, flatly convex, ob- liquely finely striated ; sutures peculiarly linearly engraved ; last whorl angled at the base ; columella broadly reflected ; bluish-white within and without, having a narrow opaque white zone at the angle of the last whorl (Reeve). Length 34, diam. 21 i mill, (from fig.). Ceylon (Taylor coll.). Bulimus albizonatus REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 81, f. G()4(Dec., 1849). " A pale, blue-white shell, remarkably characterized by a narrow opaqtie-white zone round the middle of the whorls, exactly in the place of the suture, concealed in all but the last whorl by the super- position of one whorl upon the other." (Reere.) Mr. E. R. Sykes, who kindly examined the type now in the British Museum for me, states that a trace of minute pitting is visible. Numerous specimens before me (pi. 1, figs. 14, 15) are smaller than Reeve's type, measuring from length 29, diam. 18, to length 23, diam. 14 mill. The thin cuticle is more or less yellow tinted be- neath, and the periphery either marked by a white line or not. The angle is frequently almost completely obsolete on the face of the whorl, even when strong on the back. The spire is punctulate or densely subgranulose, at least above, but not on the last whorl. They come from Matella and " western province " of Ceylon, collected by Layard. Fig. 14 shows the peripheral keel by far too strong; it is almost imperceptible in the middle of the front of the shell. Kobelt (Conch. Cab. p. 680) states that he gives the figure from the Conch. Icon, on his plate 103, f. 4, but he evidently did not do so. His figure is a smaller variety probably referable to simoni. Var. SIMOXI (Jousseaume). PI. 1, figs. 17, 18. Shell dextral, compressed-umbilicate, thin but moderately solid. White under a thin pale buff, somewhat caducious cuticle; glossy, faintly striate, very densely microscopically punctulate throughout. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtu.se. Whorls /H to 6, the first two convex, the rest but slightly so; last whorl acutely carinated at the periphery. Aperture very oblique, ovate; peristome white, ex- panded and reflexed, the columellar margin dilated above. 8 AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. AH. 25-26, diam. 18-19 mm. (Jousseaume). Alt. 24, diam. 17^, longest axis of aperture 14 mm. Ceylon: Galle (M. Simon); Udagama (Collett). Bulinms albizonatus PFU., Monogr. iii, 330 (exclusive of reference to Reeve); Conchy]. Cab., p. 155, pi. 49, f. 1, 2. HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 21, f. 8. Phengns sirnoiti Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, vii, 1894, p. 296, pi. 4, f. 7 Amphidromus (Beddomea) albizonatus live., PILSBRY. Proc. Malac. Soc. Loud, iv, p. 159, pi. 16, f. 1,5 (anatomy). Differs from typical albizonatus by the smaller size, by having one whorl less, a stronger keel, and it wants the white keel-band of albizonatus. The surface is densely punctulate or granulose, below as well as above. This is the most strongly carinated of the chain of white Ceylonese Amphidromes, which has its opposite extreme in the rounded A. ceylanicm. Named for M. E. Simon, the araneologist, who collected the types in 1892, while exploring Ceylon for spiders. Fig. 17 is a copy of the type figure, representing a specimen from Galle. Fig. 18 was drawn from a shell collected at Udagama by Mr. Collett. It was one of these that I dissected. A. PHYSALIS (Benson). PI. 1, fig. 13. Shell nearly covered perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, obliquely striatulate, whitish, glossy ; spire conic, the apex obtuse, suture lightly impressed. Whorls 5^, somewhat flattened above, the first granulated, the rest decussated with minute spiral striae, last whorl a little swollen, four-ninths the length of the shell, usually angulate at the periphery. Aperture ample, oblique, truncate-pyriform ; peri- stome expanded, the margins reflexed, joined by a thin callus ; colu- mellar margin very broad above, appressed, obliquely lightly im- pressed, nearly covering the narrow, pervious umbilicus. Length 27-28, diam. 16-17, aperture 14-16 mill. (Bens.) Khoonda Ghat, Nilyiri Hills (T. Jerdon), Wynaad (Stoliczka), Southern India. Bulimus physalis BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix, p. 328 (April, 1857) PFR., Monogr. iv, 386. HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 21, f. 9. Amphidromus (Beddomea) physalis NEVILL, Hand List Ind. Mus. i, p. 127. Bull-minus (Beddomea} physalis Bens., KOBELT, Conchy!. Cab. i, 678, pi. 103, f. 1. "Well distinguished from the Cingalese species, albizonatus Reeve, AMTHIDROMUS, S.-G. PSEUDOPARTULA. 9 ceylanicus and intermedius Pfr., by its more ventricose form, the more ample aperture and the mode of sculpture. A perfect specimen in the Museum of the India House, and a young one received from Dr. Jerdon, have the periphery angulate ; whereas an adult specimen communicated by Dr. Jerdon is deficient in this feature" (Hens.). A. CALCADENSIS (' Beddome ' Blanford). PL 1, figs. 19, 20. Shell sinistral, nearly covered perforate, high trochiform, rather solid, striatulate, whitish, covered with tawny cuticle (or yellowish, perhaps variegated). Spire conic, the apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 5^, convex, regularly increasing, the last about three-sevenths the to'tal length, carinated, convex beneath, more swollen in front. Aperture oblique, somewhat rhombic ; peristome not thickened, a little expanded, the margins distant, connected by a thin callus, col- umellar margin triangularly reflexed, nearly closing the perforation. Length 23, diam. 17, aperture with peristome 11 mill, long, 8 wide inside. (Blanf.) Calcad ffitls, Travancore (Beddome, Bourdillon.) Bulimus calcadensis Beddome MS., W. T. BLANFORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 18 (1870). PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 65. HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 59, pi. 148, f. 2, 3 Geotrochus calcadensis Bedd., THEOBALD, J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. 2, p. 187, pi. 14, f. 7 (1876) Biiliminus (Beddomea) calcadensis "W. Blf., KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 681, pi. 103, f. 7, 8. A single specimen, much weathered but perfect, was found by Major Beddome. It is evidently a colored shell, but only traces of the epidermis remained. It is allied to B. albizonatus Rv. and B. intermedius Pfr., of Ceylon, but is sinistral and has a shorter, more conical form." (Blanf.}. A specimen collected by Mr. Bourdillon (fig. 20) is "slightly smaller than the type, measuring, alt. 20, greater diam, 14.8, lesser 12.8, aperture, alt. 11, width 8 mill." (Theob.} Subgenus PSEUDOPARTULA Pfr., 1855. Pseusopartula PFR., Mai. Blatt. ii, p. 162 (for B. galericulum) Pseudopartula PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 365 PILSBRY, Nautilus x, 1897, p. 109 ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d' Hist, Nat. Marseille, Bull, i, 1898, p. 147. Geotrochus MARTENS; Helix METCALFE ; Nanina PFR. et al.; Dyakia KOBELT. Shell sinistral, trochiform or depressed, of 5^ or 6 whorls, thin, 10 AMl'HIDROMUS, S.-(J. PSEUDOPAHTULA. milky-subtranslucent, the surface with fine spiral and growth striae, apex smooth and obtuse; aperture extremely oblique, with well reflexed peristome. Mantle green ; the soft anatomy otherwise un- known. Type Bidimus galericulum Mouss. Distribution: Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Arboreal. A small group of tree snails, by their form recalling Papuina or Draparnandia, but in texture similar to Beddomea. As in the latter group, the mantle shows green through the shell, evidently a protec- tive coloration. The species composing the group were first associ- ated by the writer in 18'JT. Prof, von Martens, as early as 1860, grouped the Javan B. galericulum with the Ceylonese forms now referred to Beddomea. There is evidently a close relationship be- tween Pseudopartula and Beddomea; the former being distinguished mainly by its non-punctate surface, more oblique aperture, and geo- graphic distribution. The name of the group, ' false Fartula,' was probably suggested by Mousson's comparison of A. galericulum with that genus. The sinistral coil of the whorls, though mentioned in the diagnosis of the subgenus, is probably of minor significance. Calycia everetti of Celebes seems to me to belong to this group rather than to Calycia. Key to Species of Pseudopartula. 1. Shell acutely carinate, the outer angle of the aperture project- ing in a " spout." a. Heliciform, the diameter exceeding the alt. Borneo. A. nustttus. b. Trochoidal, the diameter less than the alt. Sumatra. A. dohertyi. 2. Shell Bulimoid, the aperture rounded outwardly. Java. A. galericuhun. A. GALERICULUIU (Mousson). PI. '2, figs. 31, 32, 33. Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, subangulose, thin, subdi- aphanous, slightly glossy, delicately striated transversely and spirally. Spire conic, the suture linear, summit ornamented with a black dot, whorls 6, rather flat, the last two-fifths the length, inflated at the colurnella; the keel becoming obsolete upon it. Aperture very oblique, obliquely ovale at a tangent to the base ; columella short, obliquely incurved ; peristome widely and flatly expanded, milk-white, AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. PS EUDOPARTULA. 11 conspicuously bordered inside by a blackish-brown band. Length 17, diam. 12 mill. (Afouss.). Java: Pardana district (Zollinger). Bidimus galericulum Mouss., Moll. Java, j>. 34, pi. 3, f. 5 (1849). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 302. Bulimus (Pseuso par tula) galericvlum PKR., Mai. Blatt. ii, 1855, p. 1G2. Helix (Geotrocltus) galenculnm MARTENS, in Alb., Die Hel., p. 168, 169; Ostas. Landschn., p. 324. Amphidromus(Beddomea) galericidum BOETTGER, Bericht. Senckenb. Nattirforsch. Ges., 1890, p. 146. Pseudopartula galericulum^ with var. gedeana PILSP.RY, Nautilus x, p. 110 (Feb., 1897) P. g, several earlier convex, the rest nearly fiat, separated by narrowly white- edged sutures, the last whorl acutely keeled at the periphery, nearly flat below. Aperture extremely oblique, pyriform, the outer angle 12 AMPHIDROMUS AND DRAPARNAUDIA. produced in a shalloiv, slightly recurved spout situated mainly below the termination of the carina ; upper and basal margins reflexed. Alt. 20, diam. 15 mm. Sumatra : Marang, on the southwestern coast (W. Doherty). Nanina (Ariophanta) dohertyi ALDRICH, Nautilus vi, p. 90 (De- cember, 1892), pi. ii, f. 1, 2. Pseudopartula dohertyi PILS., Nautilus x, p. 110 (Feb., 1897). Arboreal, and when alive of a green color, from the hue of the mantle showing through the translucent shell. It is much more elevated than the allied A. nasutus. A. NASUTUS (Metcalfe). Vol. II, pi. 3, fig. 42. Shell subdiscoidal, sinistral, carinate, narrowly perforate, very thin, decussated by very fine spiral and growth lines ; pellucid, hya- line, ornamented with a narrow pale brown line at the carina ; spire somewhat conic, whorls 5^, flattened, the last one very acutely cari- nate, glossy beneath. Aperture subrhomboidal, much produced at the outer angle ; peristome simple, thin, the upper margin scarcely reflexed, basal margin more reflexed in front, nearly covering the umbilicus. Length 1.4, width 1.1, alt. 0.5 inch (Metcalfe). Borneo (Rajah Brooke, Wallace); Baram (Kiikenthal). Helix nasuta METC., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 70. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1031 PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 203. Nanina (Ariophanta) nasuta PFR. & CLESS., Nomendator Hel. Viv., p. 56. TRYON, Man. Conch. (2), ii, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 42. Ryssotaf nasuta WALLACE & H. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 407. Nanina nasutus MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 224. Dyakia nasuta KOBELT, Abhandl. Senck. Ges. xxiv, p. 53. " Covered with a thin epidermis of a pale straw color, under which the shell is milky white." Kobelt describes a specimen from Baram, collected by Kiikenthal, decidedly smaller than the type, measuring, alt. 12, diam. 31 mill. The color is very pale corneous-green. Genus DRAPARNAUDJA Montrouzier, 1859. Draparnaudia MONTR., Journ. de Conchyl. vii, p. 288 (1859), for D. michaudi Montr., = B. sinistrorsus Desli PJLSBRY, Nautilus x, p. 110 (Feb., 1897) ANCEY, Nautilus xi, p. 27; Ann. Mus. DRAPARNAUDIA. 13 d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Bull, i, p. 147 (1898) Pseudopartula sp., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1894, p. 246. Shell small, sinistral, perforate, turbinate-conic, covered with a yellow or brown cuticle. Whorls 5^7, convex, very obliquely striated. Aperture very oblique, truncate-oval, the peristome ex- panded or simple, columellar margin broadly dilated and built for- ward, columella simply concave. Type D. sinistrorsa (Dh.). Jaw (pi. 3, fig. 15) arcuate with a slight median projection below, and apparently smooth or vertically striate. Radula with the central tooth unicuspid, the cusp shorter than the basal plate ; laterals with similar mesocone and an ectocone developed ; marginal teeth oblique, quadricuspid by deep splitting of the meso- and ecto-cones (pi. 3, fig. 14). Genitalia (pi. 3, fig. 12) of epiphallogonous type, a stout epiphallus as long as the penis being inserted near the distal end of the latter. Vas deferens terminal on the epiphallus, the flagellum apparently wanting. Spermatheca ovate, on a moderately long duct, which is swollen below. Sometimes the duct is stouter, as in detail figure to the left. The vagina is short. Distribution, New Caledonian and New Hebrides groups. Liv- ing on the ground. The genus is named in honor of the great French conchologist Jacques Draparnaud, 1772-1804. It was introduced by Montrouzier in an unsatisfactory manner, but since there is no conflicting name, that given by the noble French missionary and naturalist will stand- The anatomy of D. lifuana has been investigated by Messrs. Wm. Moss and W. M. Webb (1897), from whose article the anatomical details given above are derived. It is clear that the group belongs to the sub-family Carncenince (epiphallogona) of the ffelicidce, having the characteristic genital system of that division. The flagellum is apparently atrophied, as in Cristigibba and some species of Papuina. Draparnaudia has no especially close relations with Amphidromus and its subgenera, but stands nearer Papuina perhaps than to any other genus; the different texture of the shell being correlated with terrestrial habits, while Papuina is arboreal. The inter-relations of the genera of epiphallogonous Helicidte, however, have not yet been worked out, though valuable material has been accumulated by Wiegmann, Hedley and others, since the publication of my " Guide to the Helices." 14 DRAPARNAUDIA. Key to Species of Draparnaudia. a. Last whorl acutely carinate, at least in front. singularis, p. 14. a. 1 Last whorl rounded, or at most bluntly angular in front. b. Whorls 5^, the last depressed; aperture rounded oval ; alt. 4-5 mill. turgidula, p. 16. b. 1 Whorls 6^-7 ; size larger. c. Last whorl depressed, expanding toward the aper- ture ; peristome thin, well expanded; diam. about four-fifths the alt. st'nistrorsa, p. 15, c. 1 Last whorl rounded or somewhat flattened peripher- ally, not dilated toward the aperture. d. Pointed-ovate, dark brown, the diam. two- thirds the alt.; umbilicus narrow ; lip narrowly expanded and thickened. crossei, p. 17. d. 1 Short and stout, the lip not expanded or thickened ; diam. three-fourths the alt. lifuana, p. 17. D. SINGULARIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, fig. 1. Shell sinistral, openly umbilicate, trochiform, yeUoivish-chestnut colored. Surface rather glossy, sculptured with rather coarse, very oblique wrinkles of growth, and fine spiral lines on the base. Spire conic with noticeably concave lateral outlines. Whorls 6|, the last depressed, acutely carinated at the periphery, the keel usually serrated a little ; suture descending a little below the keel in front. Aperture extremely oblique ; peristome well expanded, white, the upper mar- gin arched, basal more or less straightened. Alt. 10, diam. 9.4; longest axis of aperture 6.5, width 4.5 mill. (Kanala). Alt. 8.5, diam. 7.5 mill. (Prony Bay). New Caledonia: Tsle of Pines (Lambert); Prony Bay (Brazier) ; Kanala (Dupuy). New Hebrides : Aneiteum (Macgillivray, Layard). Helix singularis PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 290; Mai. Bliitf. 1855, p. 145; Monogr. iv, p. 255. Pseudopartula sini/iilnris CROSSE, Journ.de Conchyl. 1894, p. 24s Draparnaudia singularis AXCEY, Nautilus, July, 1897, p. 27 ; Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat. Marseille, Bull., i, p. 147 (1898), with var. major Anc. Bnliinm sinistrorsus var. carinafits, magis striatus, GASSIES, Faune Conch. N.-Calrd, ii, p. 92 (1871). DRAPAKNAUDIA, 15 Allied to D. sinistrorsa, but differing in the acute peripheral keel, flatter base with more distinct spiral lines, and uniform darker color. It has about a half whorl less than sinistrorsa, and the spire is a little more slender above. It was originally described from Aneiteum, New Hebrides, the type measuring alt. 7, greater diam. 9, lesser 7 mill. Pfeilfer meas- ured the axis of the shell, not to the base of the lip ; so that his type was about equal in size to the average New Caledonian specimens. Reeve's figures confirm the proportions, though being enlarged, not the size, of the typical singularis. A shell before me from the New Hebrides, probably from Cuming, measures alt. 9, diam. 8.3 mill. It is light brown, paler than New Caledonian shells, but perhaps faded. Mr. Ancey (Nautilus 1897, p. 27) mentions specimens from Aneiteum, received from E. L. Layard, "much smaller than any I ever saw from New Caledonia ;" and in a later paper he gives the New Caledonian shells the name " var. major" (without descrip- tion). It is evident, however, that the facts do not support such separation. D. SINISTRORSA (Deshayes). PL 3, figs. 2, 3. Shell sinistral, openly umbilicate, turbinate-conic, straiv-yellow. Surface somewhat glossy, sculptured with fine and very oblique growth-wrinkles. Spire conic, the lateral outlines straight (or slightly concave above); whorls 7, moderately convex, closely coiled, the last whorl depressed, rapidly expanding near the aperture (especi- ally noticeable in a view from above), rounded at the periphery and beneath, perforated by a deeply penetrating, comma-shaped umbilicus. Aperture extremely oblique, truncate oblong; the peristome white, ivell expanded, upper margin evenly arched, basal-columellar margin straight, parietal callus transparent but rather heavy. Alt. 9.4, diam. 8.3 mill.; longest axis of aperture 5.8, width 4.3 mill. Alt. 10, diam. 8.5 mill.; longest axis of aperture 6, width 4.4 mill. New Caledonia: JsJe of Pines (Lambert); Mount Jlfou (Marie); also Ou\ei and Maie. Loyalty Is. Bulintus Kinixtrfirsus DKSH., in Fer., Histoire ii, p. 24, pi. 101, f. 19-21 (1840). GASSIES, Fsume Conch. N.-Cah-d. i, p. ;" I , pi. 2, f. 3 (18(53). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. '322 Hi-lix. siin'sfroraa Pi i;., Monogr. iv, 260 ; v. 337, .102. Draparnaudia micltuudl Movruoi - 16 DRAPARNAUDIA. ZIEK MS., Journ. de Conchy], vii, 1859, p. 288. Bulimus sinistror- sus var. B, castaneo fusciatus MONTR., J. de C. vii, 1859, p. 287, pi. 8, f. 3 B. s. var. castaneo zomdutns, and var. albido zonulatus GAS- SIES, Faune Concli. N.-Caled. ii, p. 92, 188 Pseud opartu la sinis- trorsa, with var. castaneo-fasciatus and albido zomdata CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 246, 247. Deshayes' single specimen had lost the early whorls, and in restor- ing them in his figures he makes the spire somewhat loo high. The coloration, "albida sub epidermide lutescente," the depressed last whorl, " ultimus depressus," as well as the rapid expansion of the latter, as shown in his figure 20, and the form of the mouth, all indi- cate unmistakably that Montrouzier and Gassies correctly identified the shell. B. slnistrorsus is said to occur fossil on the Isle of Pines and Koutoumo islet ; but Gassies included H. singularis Pfr. as a variety of sinistrorsus, so the occurrence of the true sinistrorsa on the Isle of Pines requires confirmation. Var. CASTANEOFASCIATA (Montrouzier). PI. 3, fig. 4. Decidedly larger than sinistrorsa, with the same form and number of whorls; gray-buff with a broad chestnut band at the periphery, often faint, and fading at its edges into the ground-color; spire red- dish above; parietal callus thin. Alt. 12-14, diam. 11 ; long axis of aperture 8.5, width 6 mill. Art Island (Gassies). Var. albidozonulata Gassies has been defined by the name, "whit- ish zoned," only ; and is said by Gassies to agree with the typical form in contour. It is from Mare, Loyalty Is. Just what form occurs on Ouvea Island is not known to me. The supposed B. sinistrorsus from Lifu is D. lifuana. D. TURGIDULA (Gassies). PI. 3, figs. 5, 6. Shell sinistral, openly umbilicate, turbinate-conic, thin, light brown. Surface somewhat glossy, coarsely wrinkle-striate. Spire conic, the outlines slightly concave ; whorls 5^, strongly convex, the last depressed, rounded at the 'periphery. Aperture rounded-oval, oblique, the peristome slightly expanded, both outer and columellar margins arcuate, the latter dilated, the ends approaching and con- nected by a thin callus. Alt. 5, diam. 3.5, length of aperture 2, width 2 mill. (Gassies). DKAPARNAUniA. 17 Alt. 4.3, diam. 3.5, longest axis of aperture 2, width 1.7 mill. New Caledonian group: Noit Island (Lambert); N. width 4.5 mill. New Caledonia (E. Marie). This species stands between D. sinixtrorsa and D. lifixmn. The former is much more openly umbilicate, the last whorl is more de- pressed, much more expanded towards the aperture, the peristome is not so thickened, and the color is much lighter. Compared with D. lifixiiKi, the present species is more elongate, darker, and has a narrowly expanded, thickened peristome. Four specimens, essenti- ally alike, are before me. I). LIFI-ANA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. .'5, tigs. 7, 8, 9, 12-15. Shell sinistral, perforate and rimate, turbinate, "uniform grayish fulvous, buff-tinted toward the apex," or dirty white with yellowish spire. Surface dull, with irregular growth-wrinkles, stronger at the 18 DOLICHEULOTA. sutures. Spire conic, the sides slightly concave, whorls 6^, convex the last globose-depressed, swollen above and below, a little flattened peripherally, somewhat descending in front. Aperture oblique round-oval, chestnut-brown within ; peristome white, the outer lip not expanded, strongly arcuate above ; columellar lip less arcuate, dilated, the ends approaching, connected by a moderate callus. Alt. 8, diam. 6; length of aperture 3.5, width 3 mill. (Gassies). Alt. 8, diam. 6.2 ; longest axis of aperture 4.2, width 3.4 mill, (specimen). Loyalty Is.: Lifu (De>lanches, Hadfield). Bulimus theobaldianus GASS., Journ. de Conchyl. xviii, p. 143, pi. 3, f. 9 (Jan., 1870); Faune Conch. N.-Caled. ii, p. 93, pi. 3, f. 8 (1871). PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 96. BitUminus (Chondrnla) fheo- baldiana PFR. & CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. 1878, p. 296, no. 668. Psfudopartula theobaldiana Gass., CKOSSE, Journ de Conchyl. 1894, p. 248. Draparnaudia iheobaldina Gass., ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Bull, i, p. 147 (1898). tfwtfwiu* sinistrorsus Moss & WEBB, Journ. of Malacol. vi, p. 1, pi. 1 , f . 1 (shell), 2-6 (anatomy). Helix ( Geotrochus) sinistrorsa Desh., MELVILL and STANDEN, Journ. of Conch., viii, p. 87, 1895. Not Biilinms theobaidianxs Benson, 1857, see Manual, vol. xiii, p. 180. The unexpanded lip, and short, stout contour readily distinguish this from other species. The umbilicus is more compressed than in D. sinistrorsus and the last whorl much less depressed, and not ex- panded at the aperture. Tlie name theobaldianus was for the Mar- quis Theobald de Puiflferrat, a friend of M. Gassies. There was unfortunately a prior B. theobaldianus of Benson, necessitating a change of the name of the present species. The type of D. Ufuana (figs. 8, 9) is in the collection of the Academy. Genus EULOTA Hartmann. Eulotn Hartm., PILSBRY, Man. Conch, ix, p. 200. Subgenus DOLICHEULOTA Pilsbry, 1901. Shell umbilicate, solid, Bulimus shaped, having the sculpture and color-pattern of EuJiadra. Aperture ovate, longer than wide, the peristome reflexcd. Type Bulimus formosensis H. Ad. The soft anatomy is unknown, but I venture to predict that it will be found to agree essentially with Euhadra. Those who give generic rank to the numerous groups I have subordinated to EnJota. will DOLICHKU1.0TA. 10 naturally treat the present one as a genus. Whether such minute subdivision of all Helicid genera as some authors advocate will eventually win general acceptance is still uncertain, but in my opinion over-division of genera defeats the end of nom nelature, losing sight of the characters of real importance. My opinion of the position of (his group is based upon the sculp- ture and system of coloration of the shells. The species have hitherto been placed in Bidimus (Pfeiffer), Ainplndromiis (Kobelt, von INloel- lendorff et a/.), and Cocltlostyla (Paetel). D. SWJNHOEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 2, figs. 24,25. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather thin, obliquely striatulate, decussated by very close spiral stria; ; tawny, irregularly ornamented with brown and blackish streaks. Spire convexly conic, pale above, the apex acute, whorls 61, a little convex, the last shorter than the spire, rounded beneath. Aperture a little oblique, truncate- oval, bluish-pearly within ; peristome simple, thin, the right margin narrowly expanded, the columellar margin broadly reflexed, over- hanging the umbilicus. Length 35, diam. 20 mill.; aperture 18 mill, long, 11 wide (Pfr.). Formosa (Swinhoe; type in Cuming coll.). Bull mm xirinhoei PFR., P. /. S. 1865, p. 830, pi. 46, f. 2, 2 , Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 42; Monogr. vi, p. 56; viii, p. 69. Atn- phidronms swinfioei MI.I.DKK., .Tahrb. xi, 1884, p. 163. I have seen a single dead and bleached specimen of this species, collected by Prof. Steere. It differs from D. formosensis chiefly in the thin, much less developed lip. The name is preoccupied in Euhadra ; and if Doltchenlota really proves to have the anatomy of that group, as 1 believe, the present species will require a new name. I would suggest E. swinhoeanu. I). i-oKMosKNSis (H. Adams). PI. 2, figs. 26, 27, 28. Shell umbilicate, oblong-conic, solid, covered with an olivaceous brown cuticle, which is variegated by some light, flames or spots, and rather indistinct spiral bands ; usually denuded toward the apex, where the whorls are brown above, whitish below. Surface some- what shining, with irregular growth-wrinkles and fine, close, clearly- engraved spiral stria?, sometimes subobsolete on the last whorl. Spire conic, with more or less convex lateral outlines. Whorls 7-7|, 20 CALTCIA. slightly convex, the last convex at periphery and beneath, scarcely descending in front. Aperture but slightly oblique, ovate, bluish- white within ; peristome lead-colored with brown edge, broadly re- flexed below, narrowly above ; the columella vertical and straight above, its margin widely rerlexed. Length 55, diam. 25 mill. (//. Ad.). Length 58, diam. 28 ; longest axis of aperture 27^ mill. Length 43, diam. 23 ; longest axis of aperture 21 mill. Length 47-50, diam. 23^ mill. (Sc/onacker'). Formosa: Tamsui Jiffs. (Swinhoe); J3ankimtsong, east of Takow (Schmacker); Lakult Mts. in southern Formosa (Fries). Bulimns (Amphidromus) formosensis H. ADAMS, P. Z. 8., 1866, p. 317, pi. 33, f. 5 PFR., Monogr. viii. p. 3D. Cochlostyla (Ohry- sallis) formosensis PAETEL, Catal., p. 97 Antphidromus formosensis KOBELT, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. vi, 1879, p. 213. MLLDFF., Jahrb. xi, 1884, p. 162; also cf. Bericht Senckrnb. Ges. 1893, p. 99.- SCHMACKER & BOETTGER, Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. xxiii. p. 195, 1891. An extremely variable species in size and markings. The light streaks, as usual in Euhadra, most frequently arise at the suture. Sometimes they may be entirely absent; while uniform yellow speci- mens have been recorded by Schmacker. The spiral dark and light bands are equally variable. In several shells before me the whole base .is darker than the upper surface, but one or two creamy lines define bands in the dark surface below the periphery. Fig. 26 is a copy of the original illustration. The name is pre-occupied in Eiilota ; and if on examination of the anatomy a new one is needed, this species may be called E. elongata, A third species of this group is indicated by a poor dead specimen collected at Kankow, Formosa, by Mr. Schmacker's Japanese col- lector, and has been noticed by him as " Amphidromus spec." (Nachrbl. 1891, 165). It resembles xic-in/tow' in size and form, has spiral lines and three dark bands. On account of the ill-preservation of the specimen, no further description has been published. Genus CALYCIA II. Adams, 1865. fftlycia II. AD., P. Z. S., 1865, p. 413. Shell ovate-ironic, thin, perforate or closed, pellucid-whitish, spirally sculptured, the aperture oblique, trapezoidal-ovate, peristome simple CALYCIA. 21 and unexpanded, columellar margin narrowly reflexed above. Man- tle blue ; foot very broad, apparently having pedal grooves. .law (pi. 4, tig. 25) extremely thin, with two weakly indicated ribs in tin- middle, and a median projection on the concave margin. Radida (pi. 4, tigs. 22, 23, 24) with rows of teeth meeting at an angle in the middle ; central tooth tricuspid, very narrow, with a long basal plate; side teeth with two cusps, even to the extreme marginals (fig. 24) ; the cusps of all the teeth broad and rounded. Genitalia (pi. 4, tig. 26) with the penis swollen in the middle and distally, where a short epiphallus is inserted ; no flagelltim. Duct of the spermatheca ex- tremely short, entering low, close to the atrium ; other female organs as usual. Type, C. crystalline/,. Distribution, New Guinea, and some adja- cent, faunally similar, islands. The species are arboreal. The anatomy of O. crystallina, investigated by Mr. G. Schacko, shows this genus to belong to the Zvnitidce. The foot has grooves above its lateral margins, so far as one can judge from the published ligure ; but Schacko unfortunately fails to mention the structure of the foot-edge. The dentition seems to be essentially Zonitoid, but with the cusps of the teeth broadened, as in arboreal snails generally. C. CRYSTALLINA (Reeve). PI. 4, figs. 16, 17, 18. Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin, striate, decussated by close spiral sulci ; pellucid, glassy-whitish ; spire conic, obtuse. Whorls 5^, nearly Hat, the last a little longer than the spire, more convex, obtusely carinated below the middle. Columella somewhat straight- ened, brownish, a little retiexed above. Aperture oblique, subtetra- gonal-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 50, diam. 29 mill.; aperture 30 mill, long, 19 wide (Pfr.). New Guinea : Port Dorey (Raffray) ; Maccluer Gulf (Gazelle Exped.); tiorong Island (L. M. D'Albertis); Waighiu (Wallace). Bulimus crystallines RKKVK, Conch. Icon., pi. 32, f. 194 (July, 1848). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 389 ; iv, 451 ; vi, 90, Orthaliciis crys- tallinus H. & A. AD., Genera, ii, p. 154. Liniicolaria crystalliiut SHLITTL., Notitia? Malacol. i, p. 54.- Calycia crystallina H. AUAM>, in Wallace, P. 7.. S., 1865, p. 412 TAPPARONE-CANEFRI, Annali Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 100, fig. ; xx, p. 145. MARTENS, Con- cliol. Mittheil. ii, p. 13; Archiv f. Naturg., 1897, p. 43, pi. 9, f. \ (shell), f. 1-3, a, b, c, K (soft anatomy, by G. Schacko) ; with var. gracllior, t. c., p. 44. 22 CALYCIA. Fig. 16 is a copy of Reeve's type figure ; fig. 18 from Tapparone- Canefri, and fig. 17 alter von Martens, from a small specimen from Maccluer Gulf. Wallace found it "on tree trunks, the animal green," on Waighiu island. Sohacko, who investigated dried specimens, states that the mantle is light blue, columellar margin blue-reddish, the foot yellow and brown. The radula has the formula 350.1.350, with 174 rows of teeth. A specimen of C. crystallina has been ie ported from the Moluccas by Tapperone Canefri, on the authority of L. M. D'Albertis. It may have been carried there by natives, whose trading journeys cover this whole region. Var. yracilior Martens. Shell imperforate, oblong-conoid, the spiral sulci less close and a little stronger, angle of the last whorl almost wanting, columellar margin white, flatly appressed. Length 45, diam. 27, length of aperture 27, width 17 mill. (Martens). Sekar, Neir Guinea (Ribbe). C. ISSELLIANA Tapparone Canefri. PI. 4, figs. 19, 20. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, longitudinally striate, decussated by numerous and irregular impressed spiral sulci, glassy- white, tlic sidci opaque, milk-white. Spire conic, the apex densely punctate, rather obtuse. Whorls 5^, subconvex, separated by a deep suture, the last whorl large, exceeding the height of the spire, a little constricted a short distance below the suture, and very obtusely, very obsoletely subangular below the middle. Aperture oblique, oval, indistinctly quadrangular ; columella narrow, brownish, rerlexed above; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 42, diam. 28 mill. (T.O.)' New Guinea: Katow River, on the south coast (D'Albertis). Calycia isselliana T. C., Annali Mus. Civ. di Geneva, xix, p. 101, f. b, c (1883). HEI.LKY, P. L. S., N. S. W. (2), vi, p. i)7. Differs from C. crystallina in the less elongate form, fewer and opaque white spiral sulci, more convex whorls and deeper suture. C. EVRKKTTI Smith. PI. 4, fig. 21. Shell ovate-conic, angulate at the periphery, narrowly perforate; pellucid white, covered with a glossy greenish euticle ; spire conic, papillose at the apex ; whorls f>7,, rapidly increasing, the earlier 2 or BOCOURTIA. 23 3 convex, the rest rather flat, with a narrow white line bordering the suture below; obliquely striate and sculptured with obsolete, spiral, impressed lines ; the last whorl large, obtusely angular in the middle, malleate or corrugated, and obliquely striate. Aperture inverted ear-shaped, colored like the outside, and two-thirds the length of the shell ; peristome white, hardly thickened, lightly expanded, the col- umellar margin narrowly reflexed over the perforation. Length 26, diam. 20 mill.: aperture 16 mill, long, ll.f) wide. (Smith.) Celebes : Bonthain Peak, in the S. peninsula, at 4000 ft. (A. Everett). Calycia everetti E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malae. Soe. London, ii, p. 98, pi. 7, f. 23 (July, 1896). *' This species is very peculiar, and does not suggest a comparison with any other known form. Ft hardly agrees with the genus Calycia in the expanded character of the peristome, but it appears to approach that group more closely than any other." (Smith.) I have not seen this species, but from the form of the columella and lip, convex early whorls, and greenish cuticle, it seems to belong to the Beddotnea or Pseudopartula stock, rather than to Calycia. I do not feel justified, however, in changing the generic position as- signed by the sagacious author of the species, without myself seeing the shell ; especially as the specific name is pre-occupied in A in phi- drum us (A. everetti Full., Jan., 1896). Genus BOCOURTIA Rochehrune, 1882. Bocourtia ROCHKBK., Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris (7), xvi, 1881-2, p. 117. Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, sulcate ; whorls subventricose, covered with a tawny epidermis ; columella subcallous, curved ; aper- ture ovate elliptical, the lip un expanded, simple. (Rochebr.} These shells are said by M. Rochebrune to be the exact but exag- gerated counterpart of Limncea paltistris, from which they differ anatomically, though no details of this are given. The genus, if such it be, is unknown to other authors ; and is inserted here merely to complete the account of oriental Bulimi. Rochebrune does not state whether the rnollusk is aquatic or terrestrial, but the latter would be implied. B. LYMN.-KKOKMIS Rochebrune. Shell imperforate, ovate-elliptical, 24 ODONTOSTOMIN.E. solid ; violaceous whitish ornamented with brown flames under an evanescent fulvous cuticle; longitudinally sulcate. Spire pyramidal, ovate, tlie apex subacute, suture deeply undulated. Whorls 6, sub- ventricose, the last more than half the shell's length, compressed at the base. Aperture vertical, elliptical ; peristome simple, unex- panded, the columellar margin retlexed ; colurnella thick, subarcuate. Length 44, diam. 18 mill. (Rochebr., t. c., p. 118). -Bangkok (M. Bo court). B. KASCIATA Rochebrune. Shell imperforate, ovate, subsolid, brown under a chestnut epidermis ; spire short, acute, suture deep ; whorls G, longitudinally lamellose, the last ventricose, encircled by a wide white band, exceeding two-thirds the length of the shell, com- pressed at base. Aperture elongate ; peristome simple, subarcuate ; columellar margin rerlexed ; columella straight. Length 22, diam. 14 mill. (Rochebr., 1. c.). Bangkok (M. Bocourt). The types of both species are in the Paris Museum. Neither has been figured. Part II. AMERICAN BIJLIMULID/E. Sub-family ODONTOSTOMIN^E. Bulimulidce in which the aperture is obstructed by internal lamella?, folds or teeth (rarely absent by degeneration); the base is perforate or has an umbilical suture ; and the genitalia are extremely length- ened. Jaw either plaited or solid. Though difficult of diagnosis, this sub-family is clearly a natural group of genera, confined to South America east of the Andes, and with the exception of one or two species, south of the Amazon. That the whole series had its inception in a form in which the character- istic apertural teeth had already been developed, is demonstrated by the fact that these lamella? and folds are clearly homologous through- out the species of the several genera. That any such exact corres- pondence could be due to independent acquisition of these structures is almost incredible. It follows from this that the toothless forms, such as Moricandia, are secondarily so, by degeneration of the teeth of their ancestors. Many species show the various stages of tooth- degeneration. These genera have been placed by Dr. Paul Fischer in the family /'i//>it/( ; but their position in the /iit/iiiittfiihe is unmistakably indi- cated by the exceedingly short kidney, hardly longer than the peri- ODONTOSTOMIN-K. '!> Ciinlium, while in Pnpidce the kidney is very long; and by the ab_ sence of accessory organs upon the penis, such us are general if not universal in the true Pupidce, as well as in some related families. Material for any adequate consideration of the soft anatomy of th j Odontostomince is not available ; but there exist some data upon Anostoma ringens, (dissected by Fischer), Macrodontes odontostomus and Odontostomus (Sp-ixia) punctatissimus (dissected by myself from specimens supplied by Dr. von Ihering), and upon Plagiodontes (ex- amined by Dr. A. Doering). The jaw, though rather thin, is of the smooth type in Anostoma (pi. 5, f. 32, 33) and Macrodontes (tig. 37). In Odontostomus, sub- genera Spixia (pi. 5, fig. 30) and Playiodontes, it is plaited, with shortly free, over-lapping edges, as in BuUmulus. The dentition is that of ground snails. It Anostoma (pi. 5, fig. 39) and Macrodontes (fig. 38) the central and lateral teeth have no side cusps, the marginals have an ectocone developed ; the basal-plate being short in the former genus, long in the latter. In Odontos- tomus punctatissimus (pi. o, fig. 31) ectocones are developed on all teeth, and split on the marginals. The enlarged mesocones sug- gest partially arboreal habits in this species ; but they are not so enlarged in O. (Phgiodon(es) dentatus. The dentition and jaw of Anostoma and Macrodontes are rather aberrant f.r this family, but in ( klontostonms these organs are normal. The free muscles are similar in Macrodontes, BuUmulus (pallidtor) and Oxystyla ; the right and left ocular and pedal retractor and the columellar muscle (tail retractor) being free to their common prox- imal insertion, while the buccal retractor is united with the left ocular for an extremely short distance. The pallial organs have been examined in Macrodontes and Odontostomus only. In both, the exceedingly short, triangular kid- ney is like that of BuUmulus, Oxystyla, etc.; and as in other groups of land snails, the length of the kidney bears no constant relation to that of the lung, but should be compared with the length of the pericardium. The secondary ureter seems to be closed in O. punc- tatissimus, but oren and merely a slightly differentiated band in Macrodontes. In 0. punctalissimus (pi. 15, fig. 26, kidney at k) the lung is exceedingly long and narrow, even more so than usual in Oyxstyla and B idimiihis ; there is but, one pulmonary vein, or if others are present they are minute, the cardiac side of the lung having 26 ODONTOSTOMIN^E. no large vessels, coarse reticulation being confined to the two ends of the lung, (fine transverse venation of the intermediate space being omitted in the figure). In Macrodontes (pi. 15, fig. 29), the lung is short, a modification correlated with the reduced number of whorls of the shell. There is a strong secondary pulmonary vein, and a small tertiary, the cardiac side of the lung having a strong, branch- ing venation, while on the intestinal side the venation is fine, close and mainly transverse. The pattern of lung venation in Macro- dontes is unusual, and I have seen nothing like it elsewhere; in the Bvlimulidce. It reminds me of Strophocheilus and the Acavidce. The genitalia are exceedingly lengthened in Odontostomus and Anostoma, much less so in Macrodontes. There are no accessories, the whole apparatus being Bulimuline. Shell. The heliciform groups of BulimuKnce, such as Piatybostryx and Oxychona, prepare us for shortened shell-contours in the Odnnt- ostomiiKe, In Tomigerus the modification is not great ; but Anos- toma presents a form so bizarre that in the total absence of informa- tion upon its life history, no useful theory can be formulated to account for its peculiarities. The apical sculpture in OdontostominnR varies within the same wide limits observed in Bulimulincz, and presents nearly identical patterns. In Anostotna, Tomigerus and Anctns the apex is smooth, as in the Bostryx type of BulimuUnee. In Macrodontes (pi. la, fig. ol>) it is spirally lirate. In Odontostomus, including the sections Mrl<-a.ndia, Bahiensis (pi. 15, f. 31) and Cyclodontina, it is like that of Dry- tiuzus. In ffyperaulax and 0. (Plagiodontes) dentatua (pi. 15, f. 25) the apex has waved wrinkles as in typical Bnlimulns, while in Spixia (pi. 15, fig. 34) and the other species of Plagiodontes (pi. 15, fig. 32) there are straight riblets like those of Orthotontium, Ncesiotus. etc. There is an incomplete transition from the Drynuzns type to the Spixia type by the growing predominance of vertical, with gradual loss of spiral sculpture, exemplified in some species. The teeth obstructing the apertures of the Odontostonrina are far more stable in position and arrangement than would be thought on first inspection. They may most readily be described by use of the terminology of the similar teeth of Pupidtz. Lamellce on the parietal wall : Angular, parietal and infraparietal lamella;. Lamella on the coluin<>ll. Genus MACRODONTES, Swainson, 14<>. Mncrodontes SWAINS., Malacology, p. 334, type and so!e specie- M. xowerbeyi Sw., = O. odoniostomus Sowb. Shell umbilicate, oblong, striate and decussate, composed of 5-6-^ convex whorls, the first H sf>ira.tly /inflate, the last bec, of spermatheca with duct 1 1 mill. Free retractor muscles : Right and left ocular and anterior foot retractor bands, and the columellar muscle, separate except immedi- ately at their proximal insertions; retractor of the buccal mass united with the left ocular band for a very short distance proximally. The right eye retractor passes between branches of the genitalia. The lung (pi. 15, fig. 29) is rather short, closely veined throughout, the venation strongest on the cardiac side, the secondary pulmonary vein well developed. Kidney triangular, short, hardly extending forward beyond the pericardium. Secondary ureter wholly open. Distribution, southern Brazil. 30 MA< KonoNTKS. The lamella' and folds vary from very large in some species to mere ve.-tiges in others. The genus Macrodontes lias hitherto been considered a subgenus of Odontostomus, but it differs in the following characters : The shell has fewer whorls, spirally /irate u/x'.i- with no vertical striae, and a marginal, tubercular parietal tooth in place of an entering lamella. The genital system i> far less elongate. The lung is short, densely ri'f/cti/itfe on (he cardiac side, with strong secondary and tertiary pul- monary veins developed. The secondary ureter is wholly open, but slightly differentiated. The jaw \stmooth. Finally, the central and lateral teeth are uuicuspid. These several differences clearly entitle Macrodontes to generic distinction. In the soft anatomy, but not in the shell, it approaches Anostoina. In the pattern of lung venation it departs from the Bulimulidte generally. Key to Species of Macrodontes. 1 . Aperture oblong, exceeding a third of the shell's length ; ground- color brown. a. Basal keel long and curved, somewhat lateral ; plain or banded ; teeth well developed. h. Aperture pink, its width contained 14, times in its length ; uniform reddish-brown. odontostomus. f>. ] Aperture dark within, its length nearly double the width ; the lip white or bluish, with two angles on the left side. r. I'niform cinnamon-brown ; length 35, diam. 11 mill. ff ray anus. r. ] With many whitish lines on a dark ground ; length 38-40 mill. fasciuttis. n. 1 Basal keel short, median and subvertical when viewed from the back, and but slightly arcuate; plain or striped. f>. Aperture narrow, nearly filled with large teeth ; length of shell fully .'5 times its diam. pau/fsfiis. It} Aperture open, with the teeth very small or obsolete ; form obese. dautzenbergianus. 2. Aperture squarbh-ovate, about one-third the length of the shell ; color yellowish-green ; basal keel short, teeth subobsolete. deyeneratus. MACKODONT. 31 M. ODONTOSTOMUS (Sowerby). I J 1. 13, tigs. x5, si'., 87. Shell ri mate- perforate, pylindric-fusiform, solitl, uniform light chestnut-brown ; surface somewhat glossy, densely and sharply stri- ated obliquely, and seen under a lens to be closely cut by spiral lines. Whorls about (5^, convex, rapidly increasing, the last becoming fret- in front, impressed behind the outer lip. with three pits in the im- pression, the latter half of the base pinched into a very strong though blunt keel, defining a flat basal area, pitted behind the lip, and sepa- rated from the umbilical excavation by a shorter keel. Umbilical cavity ample. Aperture oblique, oblong, obstructed by 8 lamclhi and folds: a marginal, triangular tooth on the straight parietal mar- gin, an oblique, slightly calloused columellar plication, crossed below by a transverse columellar lamella, a blunt, low-conic basal fold, and within tbe outer lip three compressed folds, the median (upper pala- tal) obliquely descending as it passes inward, the lower palatal en- tering, the suprapalatal small. Peristome pink or lilac-tinted, broadly expanded and reflexed and completely free throughout. Length 38, diam. 12, longest axis of aperture 14 mill. Length 35-37^, diam. 13J>, longest axis of aperture 13-i mill. Brazil : Corcobado near Rio Janeiro, and Macahe (Paz). Hiilhnii* odontostonifi Sown.. Zoological Journal, i, p. 51), pi. 5, f. 3 (1*24). REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 228 PKH., Monogr. ii, p. 82 ; iii, 3(V7 ; iv, 435 ; vi, 75 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 138, pi. 1(3, f. 1-3. HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchy]. 1870, p. 51. Helix ndnntoxtonm \Vi>oi>, Ind. Testae. Suppl., pi. 7, f. 28. Pupa odontosfoma GRAY, Ann. of Philos., n. ser., ix, p. 413. DESHAVKS in Fer., Histoire, ii, p. 204, pi. K)3, f. 1. Macrodontes odontoslomus Sovvb., W. (4. BIN- NKV, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 114, pi. 10, f. n (jaw and denti- tion). Pupa erythrostoma MKNKK, Synopsis, edit. 2, p. 32, 1830 (new name for B. odontostmmt Sowb.). rtfttmilio gargnnlint DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 214 Odontostoimis gargantula I>i;< K, Index, p. 54. Macrodontes sowerbeyH SWAINS., Malacology, p. 334 (1840). The pink aperture is broader and shorter than in the other species with a long, arcuate, basal keel, and it is less closed by the teeth. This species has been supposed to be the Helix garyantua of Fer- ussac. but the original description, " Bouche armee de gros plis on dents alongees . . . Coquille aussi rare que singuliere, de plus de deux pouces de longueur," indicates that the original gargantua was 0. pantagruelinus. 32 MACRODOXTES. M. GRAYANUS (Pleiffer). PI. 13, fig. XS. Shell slender, turreted, rather solid, longitudinally very finely striated and somewhat decussated by spiral impressed lines, cinnamon ((.lured. Spire turreted, the apex very mucli attenuated. Whorls <>, slightly convex, tlie last about two-filths the total length, deflexed in front and becoming free from the preceding, carinated at the top and \>;\<>'. having pits along the side. Aperture narrow, oblong, chan- neled at the base ; peristome simple, expanded throughout, having 7 teeth within, three within the right margin, four within the left, the upper one tubercle-shaped, the second strong and lamelliform. Length .">.">, diam. 11, aperture 14 mill, long, 7 wide (Pfr.). Braxil (Pfr.); Theresopotis (Fruhstorfer). Biilimtis t/rai/tmns PFK., P. Z. 8., 184-i, p. 73 ; Monogr. ii, p. 83. KEEVK, C'onch. Icon. pi. 31, moderately convex, the last shortly free in front, contracted behind the outer lip, with three pits in the. depression; acutely carinate at the base, concave above, the carina, Haltened to the left of it and with a pit behind the basal lip ; umbili- cus deeply excavated. Aperture vertical, angularly oblong, black- brown inside, the parietal and basal margins slanting, straight, the columellar margin vertical, concave, the outer margin regularly arcu- aie ; almost closed by . diam. ll'. 1 , mill. ( 1't'r. ) Braxil: Ma. ( iitliarina (Dohrn). MACKODONTES. 33 Bulimus qrayantis Pfr. var.? (Bui. odontostomus vnr. fusciata Dohrn on label) PFR., Novit. Conch, iii, p. 473, pi. 10'2, f. I*',, 17 (1869). This form may prove specifically distinct from M. F.i;<;iAM s Piisbry. PI. 13, figs. 9.~>, 90, 97. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, light chestnut with a golden sheen, and sparse, narrow, oblique or zigzag creamy hydrophanous markings (al)sent on some specimens) ; surface dull, with very minute but n-gnlar and sharp striation along the lines of growth, and much finer, shallower, close spiral lines ; the apical If whorls delicately spirally lirulate. Whorls 5, the first with in-turned tip, the rest rapidly in- creasing, convex, the last becoming very shortly free at the aperture, somewhat compressed behind the outer lip, and with three small pits there ; the base pinched into a short, strong keel ; behind the colu- niellar lip two-pitted, with a deep umbilical fissure. Aperture irreg? ularly oblong ; peristome continuous, flesh-colored, narrowly reflexed, orange-brown within, the upper margin with a small blunt tooth, outer lip with four small or minute tubercular teeth within, the lowest low and wide, the upper two (upper palatal and suprapalatal) minute and acute, whitish ; basal lip with one low, wide tooth, the columella with a strong oblique fold upon which a minute whitish denticle is placed, another one being situated below the columellar fold. Alt. 20, diam. 11 7? mill.; length of aperture 12, width 7 mill, (in- cluding peristome). Brazil : Raiz de Serra, Prov. Sao Paulo (Dr. H. von Ihering). 0. (Macrodontes') dautzenbergianus PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 472 (Dec. 12, 1898). This species, to which we have attached the name of a distin- gui>hed French conchologist, is obviously a Macrodontes^ agreeing witli the species of that genus in the positions of the denticles; but in our species the armature of the aperture has degenerated to a series of very small denticles. For the rest, the form is more obese than any other known Macrodontes. MACIIODONTES. 35 A sjiecimen from Cubatad, Sao Paulo (pi. 13, fig. 97), differs trom the type in being darker colored, of a dark reddish-chestnut hue, somewhat more solid, with the denticles on the outer lip and colu- mellar margin subobsolete. hardlv noticeable, and of the reddish color of the lip itself; the pits behind the lip are correspondingly obsolete, but there are two minute white denticles on the columellar fold. This shell measures: alt. 2(.'>, diam. 10 mill. ; length of aperture 11, width (H mill. M. DEGRNERATL-S Pilsbry. PI. 13, figs. 98, 99. Shell oblong-turreted, perforate and rimate, thin but moderately strong, pale yelhwish- green. Surface hardly shining, striated in the direction of growth-lines, the stria- hardly visible without the aid of a lens, under which they are seen to be thread-like, well raised, finely but rather superficially cut into beads by decussating spirals which crenulate the summits of the stria-. Spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse ; whorls f^, quite convex, the earlier H densely striated spirally, the last whorl becoming free and somewhat de- scending in front, constricted and showing 3 small pits behind the outer lip, bicarinate at base, the keels short, outer one strongly pinched up, the inner low, rounded, a distinct depression between them. Aperture oblique, squarish-oblong, nearly one-third the total length of the shell, obstructed by a strong columellar fold which bears a transverse lamella below, and by G small, tuberculiform sub- obsolete teeth: one upon the parietal margin close to its posterior termination, three upon the outer lip, the uppermost (suprapalatal) quite small, and with the parietal denticle, defining a small rounded posterior sinus or notch, the upper and lower palatal folds low, removed from the lip-edge ; basal fold median; a small subcolumellar tooth below the transverse columellar lamella. Peristome white, narrowly reflexed, continuous and free throughout. Alt. 21^, greatest diam. 8^, length of aperture 7 mill. Brazil : Palmeiras, Province of Parana, (Dr. H. von Ihering). 0. (Macrodontes) deyi'iu'nitns Pll.S., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci., Phila., 1898, p. 473 (Jan. 13, 1.S99). Very unlike other known species in the pale green color and short aperture with degenerate teeth. 36 ANCTUS. Genus ANCTUS v. Martens, 1860. Anctus v. MAKT. in Albers' Die llel. (2 edit.), p. 214 (November, I860!), type and sole species l ' B. anchistomus Wagn. == B. cmyio- st4. BuU- mulus (Anctus) capueira FFR.-CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 241 (1878) Helix capueira MORIC., Mem. Geneve, vii, p. 435. Bulinms virgatus SPIX, t. c., pi. 6. f. 4. Varies somewhat in contour, and the outer lip may be either of even width or slightly thicker in the middle. In about 20 specimens I have seen, the apex is either pale or reddish ; but Wagner men- tions that in the type it is black-brown. A. LAMIXIFERUS (Ancey). PI. 8, fig. 87. Similar to A. angiostomus but differing in the narrower aperture. The columellar lip is more thickened in the middle, and the outer lip bears a well-defined Mange projecting toward the columella, situated at and below the middle; the lip being narrow for a third of its length above the flange, and for a much shorter distance below it. Whorls 7^ to 8, the first two black. Length 23, diam. 10; aperture incl. perist. 12^ x 4; inside 1 mill, wide in the middle. Length 24.7, diam. 10; aperture incl. perist. 13x4.2; inside 1 mill, wide in the middle. Length 22.7, diam. 11.7; aperture incl. perist. 13.3x4.5; inside 1.5 mill, wide in the middle. ODONTOSTOMUS. Length 20, diam. 10 ; aperture incl. perist. 11x3.7 ; inside 1 mill, wide in the middle. Brazil. Bttliniiiliia niit/instonius var. htnifnifera ANCEY, Le Naturaliste (Ser. '2), x, p. 1;"), woodcut (1888) B. copueirn Spix, var. lamini- ANCKY, The British Naturalist, April, 1891, p. (53. Anctus i KoHD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1891, p. 97, t'. 1 (March 10, 1891); Nautilus iv, p. 134, f. 1 (April, 1891). I have observed no intermediate forms between A. laminiferus and iinr/iostomus, and think them quite distinct species. Genus ODONTOSTOMUS Beck, 1837. Odontostontus BECK, Index Moll., p. 54 (except first species). Not Odontostoma Turton, Enumeration of Marine Shells found on the Devonshire Coast (1829), so quoted by Jeffreys, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 108. Not Odontostoinus Cocco, Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturale, anno 1, Tomo 2, p. 192 (1838), a genus of fishes. Shell rirnate, bulimoid, oblong, ovate or turreted, composed of G-12 whorls, the apex vertically wrinkled, cost ate, or decussate- pitted. Aperture open or obstructed by lamella? and folds, the parietal lamella when present compressed and entering or twisted,, never marginal; peristome expanded or refiexed, adnate to preceding whorl (except in s. g. Scalarinella), the columellar lip dilated and free. The jaw (pi. 5, fig. 30, 0. punctatisshnus) is plaited, as in Buli- mutidcz generally, its component larnime shortly free at their im- bricating outer edges. The teeth (pi. 5, fig. 31, 0. punctatissimus] have ectocones on central and laterals, the marginal teeth with the eclocone split into two distinct denticles. (Formula for 0. punc., 17. 11. 1. 11. 17.) Reproductive system (pi. 15, fig. 27, lower portion only, 0. pimcta- tissimus) with all organs excessively lengthened. Retractor muscle terminal on the very long penis; spermatheca globular, lying close to the heart. Lung (pi. 15, fig. 26, O, punctatissimus) extremely long, fully eight times the length of the pericardium, with exceedingly fine venation, chiefly transverse, throughout, coarser near the pneumo- stome and kidney. No noticeable secondary pulmonary vein, the long primary vein without large branches. Kidney as short as the ODONTOSTOMUS. 39 pericardium, triangular. Ureter and secondary ureter closed through- out. The right ocular retractor passes between branches of genitalia. Distribution, eastern Soutli America, Brazil belou the Amazon to northern Patagonia. A genus presenting great variation in form of the shell and de- velopment of apertural teeth. Through the section Moricandia it approaches Anctus ; through Plagiodontes, Tomigerus ; while there are several species with simple apertures, by degeneration of the teeth, which are difficult to separate from Bulimuhis or Drymseus. The apical sculpture in the typical subgenus is identical with that of Drymseus, while in the subgenus Spixia it resembles Orfhotom/um, and in Hypertadax and some Plagiodontes it is like that of typical BuUiiudiis. Unlike those genera of Bulimulinae, we have transition forms of apical sculpture in Odontostomus, to some extent connecting the several types. According to Jeffreys, there is an earlier name, Odontostoma of Turton (1829), proposed as an emendation of Odostomia, but I have been unable to find the paper cited by him, and no other author or bibliographer seems to be aware of its existence. Under the cir- cumstances it seems needless to dispute the validity of Beck's Odon- tostomm, especially as the two names differ in gender, an invariable element in generic nomenclature. Odontostoma and Odontostomus have both been used for other groups later than the date of Beck. Gray selected " Hel. f/r(/antula" as the type of the genus Odon- tostomus in 1847 (P. Z. S., p. 174), Beck's gargantida being the odontosto)nus of Sowerby. But previous to this, in 1840, that species had been made the type of Macrodontes, rendering Gray's selection unlawful. About the same time Herrmannsen, in the Indicis Generuiii Malacozoorum Printordia, ii, p. 138, gave " Helix gurgantun Fer." as type of Odontostomus. This restricts that genus to the allies of 0. pantagnieliniis, which is identical with Ferussac's species. Subgenera and Sections of Odontostomus. I. Aperture without teeth or folds of any kind. o. Aperture angular or having a " spout " at the base. Sect. Moricandia, p. 40. a. 1 Aperture ovate, rounded below, species of sections Bahi- ensis, p. 4G ; Spixia, p. 6G ; Odontostomus, p. (',_'. 40 ODONTOSTOMl'S. II. Aperture armed with teeth, or at least a columellur fold or lamella. a. Parietal lamella twisted and angular, composite ; shell cylindric-ovate, S.-g. Plagiodont.es. (/.'Two teeth on the parietal wall, rarely wanting; single stout teeth on the columellar and on the palatal margins ; shell short, Pr, pi. ">(), f. 15, 16; Monogr. ii, p. 94; iii, 373; iv, 443; vi, 98. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 40, t. 248. Pelekocheilus paru BECK, Index Moll., p. 54 (1837). Less slender and elongated than the allied 0. fusijormis. The original description is given above, and the original figure copied on my pi. 9, fig. 8. from these it will be seen that the type was a narrow, straightly turreted shell. The specimen figured by Pfeiffer (pi. 9, figs. G, 7) is somewhat less slender and larger, the figure measuring, length 49, diam. 14, length of aperture 16 mill.; and is described as whitish, ornamented with distant brown streaks; whorls S. A specimen from Piquete, prov. Sao Paulo (pi. 9, fig. 5) sent by Dr. II. von Ihering, is still stouter, length 37^, diam. 14, length of aperture 16 mill.; outer lip regularly arcuate, not sinuous below, the columellar margin dilated, straight, columella a little sinuous, slightly prominent near the base, which is a trifle effuse and spout- like. It is distantly streaked with reddish-brown on a pale ground. Reeve's figure of angulatus (pi. 9, fig. 4) shows a more robust shell than any of the preceding, with the lips sinuated to form a more distinct anterior ' spout." It seems to connect angulatus with auriscervina. Probably a number of sub-species will be defined when more specimens with exact locality data come to hand. It is apparently a widely distributed species in western and southern Brazil ; the narrow typical form having been collected by Spix on the Purus and adjacent Amazon, in the low region of rubber forest, while larger, stouter shells come from the higher lands to the south. The possi- bility of a mistake in the locality given by Spix should be taken into consideration. 44 ODONTOSTOMUS. O. FiD^ENsis (Moricand). See vol. XI, p. 232. This species, described from Baliia, is prob- ably referable to the present group rather than to Dryntseus. 0. WILLI (Dohrn). PI. 9, figs. 9, 10. Shell deeply rimate, fusiform, thin, glossy, spirally narrowly striate, irregularly submalleate ; whitish, flamed with remote, irreg- ular brown streaks, the apex white ; delicately and sharply striate longitudinally ; suture irregularly ctenulate- impressed, the impressions brown-spotted. Whorls 8-9, a little convex, the last about two-fifths the shell's length, tapering at the base, compressed, columella folded and subangulate. Aperture oblong, the base effuse, receding; peri- stome simple, marked with a brown stripe within, expanded, widely reflexed at the brown-streaked columella. Length 2832, diam. 9-9^, length of aperture 12^-14, width in the middle 6 mill. (Dohrn). A variety (fig. 9) has the shell shorter, more swollen, the aperture wider and less effuse at base, the outer margin of the peristome regu- larly arcuate. Length 2G^, diam. 9^, length of aperture 11-^, width 7 mill. (Dohrn}. Brazil : probably in eastern Minos Geraes, near the Mucury River (Will). Butimus willi DOHRN, Jahrb. d. Malak. Gesellsch., x, p. 350, pi. 11, f. 5, and var. 6 (1883). (,)uite similar to B. angvlatus Wagn., but much smaller and prettier, and differing in the sculpture of the whorls and suture. Of the impressed spiral lines a few, about every sixth or eighth, are more strongly sunken than those between them, and are visible to the naked eye. The variation in form leads me to think that the difference between B. angulatus and B.fusiformis may be only in- dividual (Dohrn). It seems to be related to 0. fidaensis. O. NASUTUS (Martens). Not figured. Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, conspicuously reticulate-malleo- late, finely lineolate spirally ; pale corneous, streaked with brown and painted with more or less close spiral white hair-lines, the apex blackish-chestnut. Whorls 8, rather flat, regularly increasing, the first 3 smooth, lines and threads vanishing on the last whorl, which is distinctly attenuated below. Aperture three-sevenths the length ODONTOSTOMUS. 45 of shell, slightly oblique, narrowly oblong, without teeth; peristome narrowly expanded, white, produced in a rounded spout below and margined with brown on both sides. Columellar fold wide, white, more or less angular. Length 30. diam. 9, aperture including peristome 13 mill, long, 7 wide ; exclusive of peristome 3^ wide (Martens}. Brazil: Theophilo Ottoni, Prov. Minas Geraes (Hollerbach). Bulinnis nasutus MARTENS, Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, Sitzung vom December 15, 1885, p. 191. An unfigured species, probably nearer 0. willi than to other known forms. O. BOUVIERI (Dautzenberg). PI. 9, figs. 11, 12. Shell rather solid, a little shining, quite narrowly but deeply nmbilicate. Spire conoid, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7, slightly convex, separated by a slightly impressed and irregularly crenulate suture, nearly smooth (but under a lens appearing deli- cately striated transversely and corrugate-malleate). Last whorl two-thirds the total length of shell. Aperture oblique, the margins joined by a very thin and fnconspicuous callus. Angulate above, strongly produced obliquely below, and pinched in at the sides a little above the base. Columella somewhat thickened and a little reflexed, nearly straight above, then becoming very oblique and sinuous at the base. Outer lip somewhat expanded, very narrowly reflexed, a little dilated above, slightly straightened in the middle, sinuated at base. Basal margin rounded and acutely margined. Color white, rose-tinted toward the apex, ornamented with two grayish violet-brown bands on the penultimate, three on the last whorl, not extending quite to the lip. Bands showing within the throat; peristome white. Length 30, diam. 13^, length of aperture 16 mill. (Dautz). . Color var. albtis, entirely white (pi. 9, fig. 13). Brazil : Pernambuco. Bulimulus (Goniostomus) Bouvieri DAUTZ., Journ. de Conchyl., xliv, 1896, p. 222, pi. 7, f. 1, 2. Differs from the related species by its shorter form and diverse coloration. 4T> ODONTOSTOMI S. Section Baliici/sis Jousseaume, 1. Suture thickened with a white thread, i/lbojilosns, p. 50. b. } Suture simple, rnt^eis, p. 49. ODONTOSTOMUS. 47 O. KAHIKXSIS (Moricaml). PI. !, figs, 1G, 17, IS. Shell openly rinoate-perforate, Fusiform, thin, bluish or brownish- white with interrupted mid ragged opaque-white streaks (sometimes wanting), and usually an interrupted brown stripe behind the lip. Surface glossy, covered with excessively line and close spiral stria 1 . Outlines of spire convex, the apex rather obtuse ; whorls 7 to 71, hardlv convex, the last tapering downward, somewhat pinched at the base. Aperture oblong, subvertical, whitish within, frequently hav- ing a broad brown stripe within the lip, interrupted at the middle of the outer margin, or reduced to two brown spots. Outer lip thin, white, well expanded. Columellar lip reflexed, a groove at its junc- tion with the body of the shell. Columella having a moderately strong fold above, upon which is superposed a small, acute entering columellar lamella. Length 18, diam. G, length of aperture 8 mill. Length 2(H, diam. 6, length of aperture 9 mill. Brazil : in woods at Baltia (Blancliet). Helix (CocMogena) ba/iiesis, MOKICAND, Mem. Soc. Geneve vi, pt. 2, p. 541, pi. 1, f. 6 (1833); vii, p. 438 Bulimvs bcihiensis DES- HAYES in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 252. POTIEZ & MICHAI D, Galerie i, p. 134, pi. 12, f. 11, 12. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. G4, f. 442 PFK., Monogr. ii, p. 9G ; iii, 37G ; iv, 445 ; vi, 80 HIDALGO,. Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. Go Odo)ttosto>mis baliicola MOERCH, Catalogus Conchyliorum Yoldi, p. 28 (1852). The wide basal arch of the aperture is characteristic, as well as the form of the columella, which appears to bear twin folds. Many specimens are without opaque white markings, and frequently the lip stripe of brown is much reduced or wanting; and in fact Mori- cand's description and figure show that the type was a plain and stripeless individual. The var. bahicola of Morch (pi. 9, fig. 1C) does not seem to me to have any but individual characters. It is defined as " differing from the preceding in the more slender shell with longer aperture, smaller and scarcely divided columellar fold, and gray color." 0. bahiensis is shown by the intermediate species occnlius to have been derived from a four-toothed stock, like 0. ringens ; the white break in the brown lip-stripe being the vestige of a former upper palatal fold. In this case the pigment glands of the mantle have retained their former interruption after the tooth which induced it has become obsolete and lost. IS ODONTOSTOMt S. 0. OCCULTUS (Reeve). PI. 9, fig. 19. Shell slightly rimate, fusiform, slender, thin, smooth, pellucid, whitish. Spire long, the apex rather acute, suture impressed. "Whorls 8^, rather fiat, the last about one-third the total length, compressed at base, streaked with chestnut around the aperture on both sides. Aperture vertical, oblong, narrow ; columella provided with a triangular tooth ; peristome thin, the right margin narrowly expanded, two-toothed, basal and columellar margins broadly dilated. Length 23, diam. in the middle scarcely 6 mill.; aperture with peri- stome 8 mill, long, 4 wide (Pfr., from type). Brazil (Cuming coll.). Bulimus occultus REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 83, f. 617 (December 1849) PFK. Monogr. iii, p. 368 ; iv, 436; vi, 76. Pupa reevei DESHAYES in Fer., Histoire ii, p. 214, pi. 156, f. 18, 19 (1851).- Odorttostomus occult//* Rve., DOHRX, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1882, p. 104. Bulimus parallelm PFK., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 389; Monogr. iv, p. 445. Much like (). bultiensis, but with two folds within the outer lip. According to Dohrn these folds are variable in development, at least in the form or variety described as B. paraUelns or P. reevei. Var. REEVEI (Deshayes). PI. 9, figs. 20, 21. Shell thin, pellucid yellowish-white, speckled with irregular opaque-white spots, and stained with blackish chestnut in the um- bilicus and behind the lip; cylindric fusiform, narrowly compressed at the base, subumbilicate. Whorls 9, flatly convex, shallowly grooved at the sutures. Aperture squarish-oblong, three-toothed (columella bearing a subtransverse fold, two tooth-like folds rising within the outer lip, the first facing the columellar tooth, the second a little in advance) ; lip thin, effuse. Length 20, diam. 6 mill. Brazil. This form seems to me from the figures to be identical with Hiilhniix pardUclus Pfr., and to diH'er from occultus Rve. in the obsolescence or small size of the lip folds. />'. /Kirallelus Pfr. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform, rather thin, striatulate, tawny, somewhat reticulated with a whitish epi- dermis. Spire long-conic, obtuse ; whorls 7, moderately convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, compressed at the base. Columella lightly folded and twisted above. Apertnre vertical, ODONTOSTOMUS. 49 oblong, \vitli parallel sides, the base effuse, streaked on both sides with brown ; peristome thin, white, expanded, the right margin im- pressed above the middle, columellar margin wider, with an arcuate suit; us at its junction with the whorl. Length 22, diarn. 7 mill.; aperture 142 (1849) PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 80; iii, 368; iv, 430; vi, 76. A rather narrow, elongate, smooth species, with rather stout and obtuse upper and lower palatal plicse ; the parietal and columellar lamellae compressed, the latter superposed upon a columellar fold, essentially as in 0. bahiensis. There, is a deep brown stripe behind the lip and columella, but the narrowly rounded base is white. It is related to 0. bahiensis and especially 0. occultus, species which differ in the absence of a parietal lamella. Dunker, if it was he who wrote the original description of 0. ringens, gives merely the locality Brazil ; but Reeve, who figures a specimen from Dunker's collection, says Macahe. The single specimen before me (fig. 89) bears no locality but " Brazil." O. ALBOFILOSUS (Dohrn). PI. 8, figs. 90, 91. Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, thin, rather glossy, whitislt- liyaline, spirally very delicately silicate. Spire turreted, the apex attenuated, suture thickened with a white thread. Whorls 7 to 8, little convex, the last about two-fifths the total length, attenuated at base, shortly ascending in front, having two pits behind the lip. Aperture vertical, oblong with an expanded peristome, broadly effuse beiow, milk-white and glossy; narrowed by 4 teeth : one vertical lamelli- form parietal lamella, a triangular tubereuliform columellar lamella, a large fold within the outer margin and a minute one within the basal margin. Length 22-24, diam. 6^-7, length of aperture 10, width ") mill. (Dohrn.) Brazil : Province of Bahia or in the Mucury River region, in Minas Geraes (Lieut. Will). Bulintitx olbofilosus DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Gesellsch. x, p. :;:.!, p. 11, f. 7 (1883). Nearest to 0. bahiensis in form, but distinguished from all other ODONTOSTO.MUS. 51 species by the thickening of the suture and the arrangement of teeth ; the latter resembling those of 0. rinyens, which is apparently the most nearly allied species. Group of 0. janeirensis. Aperture oval or oblong, the outer lip arcuate ; a columellar fold or lamella developed, with sometimes a small basal fold and parietal lamella; no palatal folds. Surface usually rather rough, pitted, malleale, wrinkled or costulate. Species allied to 0. punclatissitnus, in which the folds or the. folds tmd hum- 11 re have degenerated, leav- ing a toothless or almost toothless aperture. Only janeirensis, inilinlti and neglectus are known to me by specimens. The former two have typical Drymceus apical sculpture, but in neglectus the vertical ribs predominate and are rather coarse. It may belong to Spixia (q. v.) rather than to the present group. Possibly '' Gonyostomus centiquadrus Valenc." of Beck, Index p. 53 (Paraguay), may be something of this nature ; but it is merely a, name, never made good by description. 0. RHODINOSTOMA (Orbigny). PI. 9, figs. 14, 15. Shell elongate, turreted, umbilicate, a little rugose, somewhat glossy ; grayish-white, with longitudinal brown lines ; the peristome and columella rose, and with a large brown spot within the lip. Spire long, swollen for the. greater part of its length, the apex obtuse ; composed of 8 slightly convex whorls, the last very large, separated by a smooth suture, but little impressed. Aperture small, oval, with thin, acute \ eristome a little reflexed ; columella wide, noticeably swollen. Length 21, diani. 7 mill. (0r&.). Brazil : obtained by M. Fontaine at Rio Janeiro. Helix rhodinostama OKI;., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 20. Jiulimus rhddinpstoma ORB., Voyage, p. 317, pi. 41, f. 68. PFR., JMonogr. ii, p. 90 ; iv, 407 Odontostomus rhodostoma H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 152. Very close to the typical form of 0. janeirensis, with which it may be identical. O. JANKIRE.VSIS (Sowerby). PI. 10, figs. 22, 23, :>4. Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted. thin but moderately strong, longi- tudinally streaked with opaque cream-white over ground of a pale 4 LI * 52 ODONTOSTOMUS. yellow with a median chestnut hand; the opaque streaks more or less split into lines, sometimes forming a mesh or reticulation. Spire long conic with slightly convex outlines. Whorls about 8, the earlier ones roseate ; last whorl tapering below. Aperture oblong, pale within, but having a large triangular brown blotch within the outer lip ; peristome rose-tinted or white, broadly expanded, tooth- less ; columella having an entering fold above, the margin dilated and reflexed. Length 2-H, diam. 8-8-g-, length of aperture 9^-10 mill. Brazil: Rio Janeiro (Sowerby, Paz). Bulinus janeirensis SOWB., Conch. Illustr., Bulinus, p. 8, f. 97 Bulimus janeirensis REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 174, f. 97 (printed from same plate) ; Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 226 (1848). Pi i;., Symbolae. ii, p. 47; Monogr. ii, p. 96; iii, 368; iv, 436; vi, 76. HIDALGO, J. de C., 1870, p. 52 Helix menkeana Fer. in Mus. Paris, according to Pfr. Allied to 0. fusifornris, but wanting teeth without the outer lip. Fig. '22 is a copy of the original illustration. Var. tm'lfola (Orbigny). PI. 10, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28. Similar to the type but often larger, with as many as 9 or 9i whorls, the surface netted with creamy raised lines on a corneous ground except around the periphery, where there is usually a girdle of alternate light and dark blotches, ascending the spire above the sutures. Parietal wall usually bearing a small, acute lamella ; an oblique lamella usually superposed upon the columellar fold, which is abruptly truncate below ; basal lip often developing a small tubercle, its place marked by an external pit. Dimensions from those of 0. janeirensis to alt. 32^, diam. 9^, aperture 11 mill. Rio Janeiro (Fontaine); Piquete, prov. Sao Paulo (von Ihering, fig- 27). Helix (Bulimus'} miliola OKU., Voy. dans FAmer. Merid., Atlas des Mollusques, pi. 39, f. 1, 2 (1846). Bulimus fuscagula Orb., REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 47, f. 305 (1848); not of Orbigny Odontostomus juvencus MOERCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 29 (1852) based upon Orbigny's figures. The distinction between species and variety does not seem sharply defined in some specimens ; but the squarely truncate columella is the most stable differential feature of the latter. Fig. 26 is a copy of d'Orbigny's illustration. Figs. 27, 28, are from Piquete, sent by Dr. H. von Ihering. OUONTOSTO.MUS. 53 O. (iUARANi (Orbigny). PI. 10, figs. 29, 30. Shell elongate, pupoid, conspicuously umbilicate, thin, uniform gray-brown ; marked with strong, conspicuous striae, especially at the suture, changing to strong ridges on the anterior part of the last whorl, and very strong within the umbilicus. Spire long, swollen, obtuse at the apex, composed of 9 very slightly convex whorls, sepa- rated by a smooth, hardly sunken suture. Aperture, oblong, the peristome thin and acute ; columella wide, twisted, bearing a single strong fold. Length 23, diam. 8^ mill. (Orb.). Argentina: Banks of the Parana in river debris, in the provinces Corrie t iites and Missions. Helix guarani ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 21 Bulimus guarani ORB., Voyage, p. 318, pi. 41 bis, f. 1. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv. ii, p. 200; iii, 427; iv, 487; vi, 132. Cyclodontina guarani BECK, In- dex, p. 88. 0. neglectus Pfr. is apparently near this species, differing perhaps in the basal impression, which Orbigny does not mention. The apical sculpture of guarani is unknown to me. O. LONGUI.US (' Belm ' Pf'eiffer). Uttfigured. Shell imperforate, turreted-fusiform, rather thin, striatulate; whitish, marked with obsolete corneous and some reddish streuks. Spire very long, acute. Whorls 11, a little convex, the last about equal to two-sevenths the alt., attenuated at base. Aperture oblique, narrowly reversed-ear-shaped ; peristome simple, uuexpanded, the right margin strongly curved above. Columella with a twisted fold, all. 30, diam. 1\ mill.; aperture 9^ mill, long, scarcely 4 wide (Pfr., from type.) Brazil : Chicatas (Cuming coll.). BuUtmis longulus Behn, PFR., Malak. Bl. vi, p. 44, 1859 ; Monogr. vi. p. 107. The position in the series of this species is unknown to me, but it seems near 0. guarani. O. SURGILLATUS (Pfeiffer). Shell narrowly umbilicated, oblong-turreted, thin, irregularly plicate-striate ; corneous, marked with subpunctate opaque white streaks and some rufous ones. Spire long-conic, acute ; suture very slightly crenulated. Whorls 9, convex, the last about two-fifths the total alt., subcompressed at base; columella slightly and straightly 54 ODONTOSTOMUS. receding. Aperture little oblique, oblong; peristome simple, the right margin nnexpanded, columellar margin dilated, reflexed and overhanging above. Alt. 24, diam. 9| mill.; aperture 10 mill, long, 41 wide (Pf>'-)- Bolivia (Cuming coll.). liiilinnis siirylllatns PKR., P. 7.. S., 1856, p. 389; Monogr. iv, p. 490. Unfigured, and known to me by the above diagnosis only. O. COSTATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 10, figs. 36, 37. Shell scarcely perforate, solid, cylindric-turreted, longitudinally rather closely ribbed, glossy, ashen flesh-colored. Spire long, obtuse. Whorls 8^, rather flat, separated by an* impressed suture, the last whorl scarcely one-third the total length. Columella bearing a fold- like tooth above. Aperture oblong, brown inside; peristome narrowly expanded, the right margin arcuate above, then straightened ; colu- mellar margin dilated, reflexed, nearly closing the perforation. Length 18, diam. 5^, aperture 6 mill. (P/V.). Brazil (Cuming coll.). Bulimus costatus PFK., P. Z. S., 1848, p. Ill; Monogr. ii, p. 114; iii, 34G ; iv, 411 ; vi, 55; Conchyl. Cab., p. ICO, pi. 40, f. 5, 6 REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 65, f. 450 (1849). The strong ribs, brown mouth and columellar fold, are a character- istic combination of this species. Group of 0. punctatusimus. Lamella? and folds numerous, 5 to 9 ; surface pitted or wrinkle- malleate. A few South Brazilian species with many acute folds compose this group. 0. tudiculatus ami catharince are evidently very near 0. fusiformis, and perhaps may prove to be but varieties of that snail. By its sculpture, color pattern and occasional development of a basal fold, 0. janeirensis and some of its allies are clearly members of this group of species; but the degeneration of the folds makes it more convenient to group them apart. O. FISH OKMIS (Menke). PI. 10, iigs. 31-35. Shell deeply rimate, oblong-fusiform, closely netted with light yellow anastomosing wrinkles upon a corneous or brownish ground, with a peripheral series of dark blotches; the surface rendered pitted ODONTOSTOMUS. 55 or malleate by the wrinkles ; glossy. Spire long, with convex out- lines. Whorls 8-| 9, slightly convex, separated by a white-edged suture ; the last whorl strongly carinats at the base, the keel defining a flattened basal area with a median groove. Aperture oblong, white and showing the median dark band inside, slightly oblique, obstructed by 6 or 7 folds; a compressed, entering parietal lamella, a larger oblique columellar lamella, a much smaller basal ibid, and three compressed folds within the outer lip, the median (upper palatal) fold largest, the others quite small ; sometimes an additional suprapalatal fold being added near the upper end of the lip. Peri- stome rose-tinted or white, very broadly expanded. Lerfgth 28, diam. nearly 8, length of aperture 10 mill. Length 22, diam. 7.8, length of aperture 8 mill. Length 24, diam. G^, length of aperture 7 mill. (Pfr.). Length 22, diam. 6 mill. (Menke). Brazil : Rio Janeiro (Dr. Varnhagen); Province Sao Paulo (v. Ihering). Scarabus ftisffornn's MENKK, Syn. Metli. Moll., p. 78 (1828); edit. 2, p. 131. Bnlinnis t-erwicidatus Mke. in litt., PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 175; Conchyl. Cab. p. 260, pi. 70, f. 19, 20; Monogr. iii, p. 368 ; iv, 436 ; vi, 76. Allied to 0. punctatissinnts, but differs in being more roughly sculptured, and wanting the fold developed between the lower palatal and basal folds in that species. It varies widely in form from sub- cylindric to conic, and also in size. Menke's reference of this species to the genus Scarabus w?.s not unnatural for the time. His specific name funformis was subsequently changed, apparently at Pfeiffer's suggestion, on account of the Bulimus fusiformis described by Menke on a previous page of the Synopsis. This earlier B. fusi- formis is now a Buliminus. This species may be the Odonfostomus vermiculatus of Beck, Index Mnlluscorum, p. 54; but as that is an absolutely nude name, its identity remains uncertain, ami is a matter of no consequence. Figures 32, 33 are Pfeiffer's illustrations, probably drawn from Menke's type. Fig. 31 is a specimen from Os Perns, Figs. 34, 35 from Sao Paulo, sent by Dr. von Ihering. 0. Tuoicur.ATUS (Martens). Unfigured. Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, lightly mdlleate-wrinkled, brown- 56 ODONTOSTOMIS. -streaked and variegated witli white. Whorls 8, nearly flat, tlie last angularly compressed at the hasp, blackish-brown toward the aperture. Aperture oblong-ovate with f) or 6 folds : a moderate parietal lamella, n stronger one on I he columella, a third moderate basal fold, and within the outer lip a fourth fold in addition to one or two smaller ones. Peristome white, narrowly expanded. Length 24, diam. 01, length of aperture 7, width exclusive of peristome 3, inclusive 5-| mill. (Mart.') Brazil : Roedersberg (Sao Leopoldo), Prov. Rio Grande do Sul (Dr. Hensel); Tagunra, in the same region (v. Hiring); Theresopoh's, prov. Santa Catharina (Fruhstorfer). Buhmus (OJontostomus) fudicit/atus MART., Malak. Blatt. xv, p. 178 (1808). Clessin, Malak. Blatt (n. F.), x, p. 166 (1888).- Bulimus (Odontomu*) tudiculatus v. Mts., BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1889, p. 30. " Nearest allied to B. ringens Dkr. and H. punctatissimus Less. In the contour of the shell and form of the aperture, as well as in number of folds, it stands about in the middle between these two species, the narrow peristome approaching that of rinyens, the very strong columellar fold that of punctatissimus, while the external sculpture differentiates it from both. Of the folds within the outer lip the strongest stands in the middle of the lip, a weaker one below it, which in the three shells before me, does not extend so far for- ward ; and above the median fold there is a fold in two of the speci- mens. All three are bleached, and the ground-color therefore can- not be described ; but brown streaks like those of B. ring ens may still be seen, and also tiaces of a white marking crossing them, and confined to the wrinkles " (Mart.}. I have not seen this species, which from the description must be extremely near 0. fusiformis Mke., but apparently unlike that shell in the narrow peristome, described as " breviter expansion." O. C \TIIARIN.K (Pfeiffer). Unjigured. Shell shortly rimate, subperforate, fusiform, rather solid, all over lightly punctate-rugulose ; white, with scattered streak-like corneous dots. Spire swollen-turreted, the apex slightly acute. Whorls 8-^, a little convex, the last scarcely one-third the total length, having a strong compressed crest with a smaller one behind it ; in front in- terruptedly black-streaked outside and within. Aperture oblique, ODONTOSTOMl >. 57 nearly 7-toothed : one parietal lamella, a subquadrangular columellar lamella, third tooth oblique ami on the left side of the effuse base, and within the outer lip there are three snbequal and one minute fold. Peristome white, moderately expanded throughout. Length 23-25, diam. 7^-8 mill.; aperture with peristome 8i mill, long, 5 wide (Pfr.^). Brazil: Santa Caiharina (Cuming coll.). Bulhiuis catharinee PFR., P. Z. S., 1 .*)), p. 389; Monogr. iv, 436. Very closel}' related to 0. ftisiformls Mke., as Pl'eitfer remarks, and probably a variety of that South Brazilian species. O. PUXOTATI3S1MU8 (LeSSOll). PI. 10, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41. Shell deeply rimate, fusiform, gray-white reticulated 01 finely marbled with opaque-white, having a wide blackish streak behind the lip, interrupted by transverse white marks. Surface very shallowly pitted, and finely striate spirally. S;'ire having convex outlines, rose-tinted near the summit, the apex obtuse. Whorls 8, but slightly convex ; the last tapering below, pinched at the base into a short carina in the middle, grooved on the umbilical side of the carina. Aperture oblique, oblong, obstructed by 7 to 9 white teeth : a compressed parietal lamella ; a large subvertical columellar lamella ; two small, compressed approximate folds within the basal margin, the right one sometimes wanting- and three acute folds within the outer lip, the median one (upper palatal) usually larger; frequently there is another minute fold within the lip near the suture, and sometimes a very small angular fold is developed opposite it on the parietal wall. Intervals between the folds blackish-brown. Peristome white (rarely rose), very widely expanded and reflexed, flattened. Length 27, diam. 8, length of aperture 1(H mill. Length 26^, diam. 8^, length of aperture 11 mill. Brazil : lUia de Sta. Catharina. prov. Sta. Catharina (Lesson, King); Province of Sao Paulo, at Iguape etc. (v. Ihering). Clausilia punctatissima LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, pt. 1, p. 329, pi. 15, f. 3 (living animal), a, b (shell), 1830 ; Isis, 1833, p. 131, no. 74, pi. 2, f. 3 (copy of preceding). Bulimus punctali.^i- nms PFR., Symbol* ii, p. 120 ; Monogr. ii, p. 84; iii, 367 ; iv, 436; vi, 75 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 192, pi. 56, f. 5, 6 REEVE, Conch. Icon, pi. 38, f. 225. Clausilia exesa POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 190, pi. 19, f. 17, 18 (1838). Helix exesa FEK., Hist., pi. 163, f. 3, 4 ; not 5S ODONTOSTOMUS. of Spix. Auricula fuscagula. LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ( N. S.), v, p. 83, pi. 19, f. 7G ; Obs. Genus Unio i, p. 15, pi. 19, f. 7(5. BiiUmus fuscagula ORB., Voyage, p. 318 (description only, not the figures) Otostonms fuscaguhis BECK, Index Moll. p. 54 Pupa septemplicata v. Muhlfeldt, ROSSMAESLER, Iconographie der Land- tuul Siisswasser-Mollusken, v Heft, p. 8, pi. 23, f. 303 (1837). I'mlinius spptempdcatus PFR., Symbolic i, p 85. Bulimus den- tatus KING, Zool. Journ. v, p. 340 (1830 or 1831). (). punctatissimus is very closely related to O.fusiformis, but tlie basal keel is shorter and more median in position, the sculpture is less coarse, it generally has more teeth, and wants the dark girdle at the periphery, usual in fusiformis. The typical form of the species (pi. 10, figs. 38, 39), t'mni Santa Catharina island, seems to have little or no colored cuticle, being either denuded or albino ; the descriptions and figures given by Lesson, King and Lea all pertaining to this form. King's descrip- tion probably appeared nearly as early as Lesson's, but it is less than two lines long, and quite insufficient. The fold on the outer lip below the lower palatal seems to be in- differently present or (as in Rossmassler's figure) wanting; though in the majority of specimens before me it exists. The angular lamella is equally variable, but its presence or absence is not always correlated with that of the lower lip-fold. Specimens from the Province of Sao Paulo sent by Dr. von Ihering, are larger than those from Sta. Catharina, dull brown with cream- white variegation in the form of irregular and ragged streaks and lines, sometimes reticulating, or with many fine spiral hair-lines also. Fine spiral stria? are conspicuous on the last whorl, though rather superficial. Whorls 8 to 9. The broad lip is bright rose colored; folds and lamellae 8, there being no angular lamella. The early whorls are not rose-tinted, as in the typical form. Two speci- mens measure: Length 29, diam. 8 and 9, aperture 11 mill. The stouter one has white spiral lines, and is from Jguape (pi. 10, fig. 41). Section CYCLODONTINA Beck, 1837. Cyclodontina BECK, Index Molluscorum p. 88, in part. PILSBUY, Nautilus xii, p. 57, type pupoides Spix, inflatus "\Vagn. Species with the umbilicus noticeably excavated, aperture ob- structed by numerous lamellae and folds, the columellar lamella ODONTOSTOMUS. 59 twisted, the others entering ; a sulural fold developed ; ends of the tip separated from ttie whorl by grooves. Apex | with minutely grated sculpture. There are three Brazilian specie.", one, 0. scabrellus, being strongly ribbed, the others merely striate. Beck's group originally contained species of Spixia, lialilemis, Gyclodontina in its present sense, and Plagiodontes, besides some in- congruous exotic forms and several undetermined species. Herr- mannsen in 1846 writes " typus : Pupa drapi/j)oides (injlata ~\Yan.) as a variety. It may possibly be a large form of this species, but the figure is insufficient for identification. Jt has been called I'ti/.m /infer/ by OKAY, Ann. of Philos. n. ser., ix, 412, and Cyclodontina listen by HECK, Index, p. 88. Helix (Cochlodonta) brasiliensis Ferussac, founded upon a figure in Mawe's Travels, is very likely the small typical form of 0. hiflata ; but there is no description, and the figure is not absolutely conclu- sive. I think a reincarnation of this phantom inadvisable anjl in- deed unwarranted. May it rest in peace ! 0. SCABUELI.US ('Anthony' Dohrn). PI. 11, figs. 54, 55. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform-turreted, thin but rather strong ; flesh-tinted between strong, close ivltite ribs as u'ide as their interstices. Whorls 9-10, but slightly convex, the last having two pit* behind the outer, one behind the basal lip, and frequently a slight groove below and accompanying the latter end of the suture, which is there somewhat channelled. Aperture small, obstructed by 7 teeth : a compressed parietal lamella. A strong columellar lamella, bent at a right angle below, a small compressed basal fold, and four compressed folds within the outer lip, the largest one (upper palatal) median, lower palatal rather strong, nearly basal in position, two small suprapalatal folds, the upper one defining a sutnral groove which notches the termination of the lip ; columellar margin dilated, distinctly grooved at its root.- Length 19-23, diarn. 7.^, aperture 7^ mill. Brazil (Anthony). J3. scabrelliis Anth., DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 10G (under sp. 15; no description), pi. o, f. 9. The relationship of this species to 0. iiiflatus is seen in the grooves cutting the ends of the lip, and the tooth arrangement, but it is dis- tinct in the strong sculpture of white riblets on a fleshy or gray ground. I can find no description of the species by Anthony, whose name scabrcllus is known by museum labels. The specimens de- scribed above and drawn in fig. 55 were received from Anthony, and bear his autograph label. Section Odontoslomus Beck, s. str. Large and solid, elongate shells with minutely grated apical whorls and [lilted surface. Teeth various, but the parietal lamella is com- ODONTOSTO.MUS. 63 pressed and entering, and the columellar lamella and upper palatal fold stand vertically. The lip is very broadly rehVxed, and then- is a dark streak behind it. The species are from Ilahia province. Teeth are said to be wholly wanting in some specimens of 0. pan- tagruelinus. Key to s} ecies of Odontostomus s. str. 1. Large species with irregular or mesh-wrinkled surface and con- vex, strongly recurved lip. a. Teeth 4 or 5 ; suture bordered with a row of white bosses ; lip white. leucotrema. . a 1 . Suture not so decorajed ; teeth serrate, rarely absent. pantagruelinus. 2. Smaller, with coarsely shriveled surface, and pink, flatly spreading lip. e.cenns. O. PANTAGRUELINUS (Moricand). PI. 8, figs. 82-85. Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, solid and strong, ashen-white with flesh -colored lines and spots, and a broad purple-black stripe behind the peristome. Surface rather dull, densely and coarsely rugose, the wrinkles low, anastomosing, forming shallow long pits; a series of such impressions often bordering the suture. Spire straightly turreted, the apex obtuse, but in adults one or two whorls are frequently self-amputated. Whorls 8-^, convex. Aperture vertical, ear-shaped, brownish within, obstructed by large serrate teeth : an obliquely entering, high, tongue-shaped parietal lamella, butressed on its columellar side ; an erect, long, plate-like columellar lamella ; a basal or subcolumellar fold or lamella, which mj>y be either simple and acute, or compound and serrate ; an entering, compressed lower palatal fold, and a large, elongate, usually serrate upper palatal barrier, above which a few suprapalatal denticles are usually developed. Peristonie white, tinted within, very broadly re- flexed and recurved, the face convex. Length 65, diam. 26, length of aperture 32 mill. Length 68, diam. 23, length of aperture 32 mill. Length 56, diam. 19, length of aperture 28 mill. Brazil : Prov. Bahia (Blanchet). Scarabus labrosus MENKE, Synopsis methodica molluscorum, p. 78 (1828); Second Edition, p. 130 (1830); description insufficient 64 ODONTOSTOMUS. for identification. Helix (Cochlodina) yargantua FERUSSAC, Prodr., Tabl. Syst., p. 02, no. 510 (insufficient desc.). Helix (Cochlodina) paiitagnit'lina MouiCAND, Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vi, p. 542, pi. 1, f. 7 (133); vii, p. 440, with (p. 441) var. major deutata, major edentitla and minor (the latter == O. leuco- trema), viii, p. 142, pi. 3, f. 5 (living animal) Bulimus pentagrue- liinis DESII. in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 255 (1838); in Fer., Hist. p. 119, pi. 102, f. 1-4. B. panto gruelinus Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 230. PKK., Monogr. ii, p. 83; iii, 307; iv, 435; vi, 75; Conchyl. Cab. p. 144, pi. 45, f. 3, 4 HIDAI.<;O, Journ. de Conchyl., 1S70, u. 51 (reports it from Rio Janeiro, Paz). DOIIKN, Jahrb. 1SX3, p. 349. Clat/silia panto rjnii'Uina VILLA, Dispositio System- alica Conch, p. 25 Odontostornus punta gruelinus BECK, Index, p. 54 (1837). H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 152. Exceedingly variable in the form and number of teeth, as Mori- can d pointed out ; even toothless adult shells occurring occasionally. The, aperture is sometimes placed somewhat askew (fig. 82). O. LEUCOTREMA Beck. PI. 8, figs. 77, 78. Shell rinmte-perforate, fusiform, light brown variegated by the white wrinkles, which are low, frequently anastomosing, and cut by microscopic spiral stria 1 ; the suture bordered by a row of low white nodules; a purple-black streak behind the lips. Whorls 8. Aper- ture oblong ear-shaped, black-bordered within, obstructed by four or five white teeth : a small entering parietal lamella, a squarish colu- mellar lamella, and within the outer lip a compressed lower palatal, and squarish obliquely-transverse upper palatal fold, sometimes a small fold between them. Peristome snow-white, broadly reflexed and recurved. Length 49, diam. 17-19, length of aperture 24-25 mill. Length 45 mill. (Moric.). Brazil : Prov. Bahia ( Blanche! ). Pupa ringens JAY, Catalogue of Rec. Shells, edit. 2, p. [81], pi. 1, f. 1 (1836). Not P. ringens Michaud, 1831. Helix pantagruelina var. wmor Mouic., Mem. Geneve vii, p. 441 (1830). Odontostomtis leucotrema BECK, Index Moll. p. 54 (based upon the preceding). - Bulirmts pantdgruelinus var. t PKK. Monogr. ii, p. 83 DESII. in Fer. Hist. pi. 102, f. 5, 0. B. leucotrema PKR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 109 ; Conchyl. Cat., Bui. p. 145, pi. 15, f. 11-13 ; Monogr. iii, p. 307. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 1. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 2 28 34 35 RELIGION PLATE 3. 10 6 M- CALYCIA PLATE 4. BULIMULID>E PLATE S. BULIMULIDyE. PLATE 6. -">4- BULIMULID^E. PLATE 7 GG BULIMULID>E. PLATE 8. 88 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 9. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 1O. 38 BULIMULID^. PLATE 11 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 12 BULIMULID>E. PLATE 13 07 1OO BULIMULID^E. PLATE 14 BULIMULID^E. 34 ODONTOSTOMl >. 65 Smaller than O. pantagruelinus, often more distinctly striated spirally, having the teeth less developed, and with low white bosses strung along the suture. It sometimes attains a length of 55 mill.; and while usually dark colored and less solid than the larger species, it is sometimes quite as pale and equally as strong. This form was recognized as distinct by both Moricand and Jay, prior to Beck's publication, but the Swiss and American authors used names pre- occupied in the genera to which they referred the species; hence Beck's name feucotrenta, "white-mouth," prevails. 0. EXESUS (Spix). PI. 8, figs. 7., ORB. Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 21, stated to be Closilia striata Spix ; no descrip- tion ; with var. major and minor, undescribed ; Voy. dans I'Amer. Merid. pi. 41 bis. f. 11. Pupa spixii ORB., Voy. p. 320, with var. major and minor. Bulimus spixii GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim., pi. 302, f. 7 (copy from Orbigny). Pupa tnrrita ANTON, Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden, p. 47, no. 1748 (1839) Pupa conspersa POT. & MICH., Galerie i, p. 160, pi. 16. f. 3, 4 (1838) Bulvmis wagneri PER., Symbols ad Hist. Hel., ii, p. 124 (1842), name based upon Pupa striata Wagn., Desh. in Lam.; Monogr. ii, p. 85 ; iii, 369 ; iv, ODONTOSTOMUS. 69 437 ; vi, 76 ; viii, 609 ; Concliyl. Cab. p. 140, pi. 45, f. 1, 2. RKKVK, Conch. Icon. pi. 38, f. 232. Odontostomus wayneri Pfr. var. para- yuayana ANCEY, Journal of Conchology vii, p. 93 (July, 1892). Tills slender, turreted, gradually-tapering species is apparently ratlier widely distributed in the interior of S. Paulo, Paraguay, Bo- livia and Argentina. Pfeiffer attempted to distinguish his B.wagneri from Spix's species, but there is no such distinction as he indicates to be drawn in the series of specimens before me. The earliest name for this species is Pupa striata Wagner, pre-occupied in Pupa. This precedes the name Clausilia striata Spix, in the same volume. The next name is Helix spixii of Ovbigny, based solely upon Cl. striata Spix, in the original publication of 1835. Subsequent information shows that the renowned South American explorer had two varietal forms before him, to both of which he applied varietal names at the time he proposed the name spixii, defining them afterwards. Pfeiffer originally proposed the name B. wayneri for Pupa striata Wagner, without description, but referring to Deshayes' description (An. s. Vert, viii, 186), which applies to a practically typical speci- men 32 mill, long, 10 wide. He afterwards attempted to define wagneri as distinct from striata. Yon Martens (1894) proposes to admit four varieties: (a) bohlsi, (b) parayuuyanus, (/>ii was not preoccupied in Odontostomus, so the change proposed by Kobelt in 1878 was unnecessary. He apparently forgot or repu- diated the change when treating of the species in 1882. 76 ODONTOSTOMUS. Doering's original description is as follows: Shell fusiform-cylin- drical, slender, rather solid, opaque, ashen-buff, closely whitish- costulate; spire long-turreted, rather obtuse. Whorls 10^, slightly convex, the last scarcely one-fourth the total length, pale in front. Peristome white, thickened, the margins joined by a compressed callus. Length 17-19, diam. 3|-4^, aperture with peristome 4 mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.}. O. ACONJIGASTANUS Doering. Shell rimate, fusiform -turreted, pellucid, very closely striate ; brown, variegated with close opaque-white stria?, frequently with longitudinal, brown-reddish spots, sometimes interrupted. Spire turreted, the apex attenuated, rather obtuse. Whorls 12, a little convex, (he first uniform corneous-brown, nearly smooth, the rest variegated, closely striate with white ; last whorl nearly one-fourth the length, impressed at the side, two-crested at the base. Aperture oval quadrangular, contracted by 5 teeth ; peristome white, expanded, rather acute, the margins joined by a depressed, sublamelliibrm pari- etal callus; columellar margin reflexed. Length 18-21, width 5 mill.; aperture with peristome 4 to 5 mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.}. Argentina : Sierra de Aconjtgasta. 0. aconjiyastamis DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 245 (1877). Differs from 0. charpentieri Grat. by the more numerous, slightly convex whorls and brown color; from 0. maculosus Doer, by the more swollen, wider form, closer whitish stria?, and subsolute peri- stome. O. CIIARPENTIEKI (' Grateloup ' Pfr.). PI. 12, figs. 75, 7G, 77. Shell rimate-subperf orate, fusiform-oblong, very delicately striatu- late, corneous whitish, not pellucid ; spire turreted, the apex some- what obtusely attenuated. Whorls 10, scarcely convex, the last slightly exceeding one-fourth the length, with pits at the base and side behind the aperture. Aperture oblong-oval, 5-toothed : one on the parietal wall, a second horizontal lamella on the columella, the third tooth basal, fourth and fifth small, within the right margin. Peristome simple, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin narrowly expanded, columellar 'margin widely reflexed. Length 20, diam. 5, length of aperture G, width 4 mill. (Pfr.}. Length 21, diam. G mill. (Hidalgo). ODONTOSTOMl S. 77 Argentina : Cordova (Pfr.) ; Cordoba de Tucuman, under stones, in abundance (Paz) ; western slope of the Sierra de Cordova etc. (Doering). Bulimus charpenlieri Grateloup in lift., PFI?., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 14; Conchyl. Cab. p. 143, pi. 45, f. 14, 15 ; Monogr. iii, p. 3G9 ; iv, 43(5; vi, 70; viii, 009 HIDAL<;O, Moluscos del Viaje al Pacifico, p. 81 ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 52 0. charpentieri DOERING, Periodico Zoologico i, pt. 3, p. 188. This species is allied to 0. kuhnholtzianiis, but it tapers more, has less pronounced sculpture, etc. Fig. 77 was drawn from a coarsely striate specimen. Two before me measure : length 17, diam. 5-|, apertui'e 5 mill., and 18, 5^, 5^ mill. In one of them the upper pal- atal and siiprapalatal folds are preceded by smaller folds within their inner ends. The lower palatal fold is quite basal in position. The first H whorls are costellate, as in the allied but much larger 0. spixii. Hidalgo describes a variety as more slender, corneous, very closely sculptured with somewhat oblique, stronger and very irregu- lar opaque-white stria?; aperture about one-fourth the total length; peristome less expanded, the margins generally connected by a heavier callus. Length 22, diam. 5 mill. It is closely related to 0. macttlosus, but distinguished by the light color, slightly flatter whorls, the teeth and peristome, as well as the whole shell more solid, less slender. 0. POPANUS Doering. Shell rimate, narrow, fusiform-turreted, subpellucid, pale brownish- buff; closely wrinkle-striate; variegated with whitish, irregular pre- dominating stria?. Spire subfusiform turriculate, the apex but little attenuated, rather obtuse. Whorls 9-10, scarcely convex, the first more convex, uniform brown-buff, delicately substriate, the following whorls variegated with close, whitish, opaque and irregular striae, last whorl scarcely one-fourth the length of the shell, somewhat compressed, whitish around the aperture, scrobiculate-impressed at the side, two-crested at base. Aperture strongly angular, obliquely subquadrangular, narrowed at the base, having 5 teeth ; peristome white, acute, thickened within, the right margin angular above, col- umellar margin reflexed ; margins joined by a thin parietal callus. Length 21-23, width 01 mi'l.; aperture with peristome 0^ mill, long, 4 wide (Doer.~). Argentina : Cerro de Popa, Sierra de Pocho. 78 ODONTOSTOMUS. (). popamts DOER., Perioclico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 244 (1S77). This species lias the coloration of 0. charpentieri, but differs sufficiently by its larger size, less convex whorls, etc. The differ- ences from the following species have been indicated below. It was found on the trachytic hill of Yerba Buena. O. ACHAI.ANUS Doering. Shell rimate, fusiform or fusiform -turreted, the apex somewhat obtuse; subpellucid, brownish-ashen, closely wrinkle-striate ; orna- mented witli whitish, opaque, irregular stria? and some irregular, longitudinal, corneous-brown spots. Spire fusifbrm-turreted, the apex a little attenuated, somewhat obtuse. Whorls 9 to 10, a trifle convex, the first whorl a little convex, uniform buff-brown, delicately striate, the rest sculptured with irregular, rugulose, opaque, close stria?, usually rugulose-sculptured with obsolete, slightly impressed, spiral lines; last whorl from one-fourth to one-third the shell's length, a trifle convex, more or less calcareous around the aperture, scrobiculate-compressed at the side, two-crested at the base. Aperture subangulate, quadrangular-ovate, contracted by 5 teeth ; two lamelli- form teeth within the left margin, a third at the base, fourth and fifth smaller, within the right margin ; peristome white, expanded, somewhat acute, thickened within, the right margin subangular above, columellar margin a little reflexed ; margins joined by a parietal callus. Length 21-27, width 6-7 mill.; aperture with peris- tome G mill, long, 4J wide (Doer.}. Argentina : Sierra de Achala (Quelrada de ]\litsl}. 0. achalanus DOER., Periodico Zoologico : Organo de la Sociedad Zoologica Argentina, ii, pt. 4, p. 243 (Cordoba, 1877). 0. martensi is much more ventricose, with more convex whorls. 0. popanus is more nearly related, but the present species is narrower, with less angular aperture, the base less pinched and more oval, etc. O. MACULOSUS Doering. Shell rimate, cylindric-fusiform, long-turroted, thin, closely wrinkle-striate; corneous brown, streakedly maculate with irregular, obsolete whitish stria?, Spire turreted, a little obtuse. Whorls 10, a little convex, the last one-fourth the total length, slightly im- pressed at the side, the base obsoletely two-crested. Aperture sub- ODONTOSTO.MUS. 79 oval, contracted by 5 teeth: one in the middle of tin- parietal margin, the second angular and twisted, on the columella, third within the base, the fourth and h'fth small, within the right margin. Peristome white, expanded, a little acute, the margins joined by a somewhat lamelliform, compressed callus, right margin shortly subarcuate above, expanded below, columellar margin reflexed. Doer., Per. Zool.) Length 1G^, diam. 4, length of aperture 4, width 3 : | mill. Length 18^, diam. 5, length of aperture 4^, width 3^ mill. Length 20, diam. 5, length of aperture 4|, width 3^ mill. Shell cylindric-fusiform, thin, closely rugose-striate ; corneous- brown,, irregularly streakedly spotted with whitish stria?, spire long- turreted, a little obtuse ; whorls 10, a trifle convex, the last whorl one-fourth the total length ; peristome acute. Length 18-20, diam. 4^-5, aperture with peristome 44 mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.}. Argentina: Sierra Ghica de Cordova, in the valley of the arroyo de la Reduccion. 0. maculosHs DOKR., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cord., p. 455 (1875); Periodico Zool. i, pt. 3, p. 18G (1875). B. maculosus Doer., KOB., Nachrbl. 187G, p. 7. PFH., Monogr. viii, p. Gil. Similar to 0. profundideiis in form, but larger, the striation less sharp, the color much darker corneous-brown or chestnut, with a few oblong, interrupted and irregularly spaced spots composed each of 2 to 5 fine stria?. O. OLAINEXSIS Doering. Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted, corneous-whitish, silky, slightly diaphanous, very minutely striate ; spire obtuse ; whorls 9, a little convex, the first nearly smooth, the rest closely and very minutely striate, the stria? -flattened ; last whorl one-fourth the total length, two-crested at the base, the side depressed and deeply pitted. Aperture irregular, pentagonal, narrowed at the base, obstructed by 5 teeth: a slender, compressed one on the parietal wall, the second compressed and twisted, on the columella, third on the base; fourth twisted, and fifth usually dilated transversely, within the outer lip. Peristome nearly simple, a little acute, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin strongly arched above, lower margin slightly expanded, the columellar margin narrowly reflexed. (Doer., Per. Zool.) 80 ODONTOSTOMUS. Lengtli 12, diam. 3, length of aperture 3^, width 2^ mill. Length 12^, diam. 3Jf, length of aperture 3^, width 2| mill. Argentina : Pampa de Olain, Sierra de Cordova, at 900 meters elevation (Dr. Stelzner). 0. olainensis DOER., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordova, 1875, p. 454 ; Periodico Zoologico i, pt. 3, p. 192 (1875). B. olainensis KOBELT, Nachr. d. D. Malak. Ges. viii, 187G, p. 5. PFR., Monogr. viii, p. G10. A strongly characterized species, differing from all others in the more irregular aperture, uniform corneous-whitish color, a little transparent, and the very irregular teeth. The striation is very fine. O. ciiAMPAQuiANUS Doering. Shell rimate, small, fusiform-turreted, brown-corneous, roughened by close rugulose stria?, reticulate-variegated by elevated, membran- aceous spiral lines. Whorls 9, a little convex ; the first convex, very closely striate. those following roughened by little-elevated, mem- branous lamella? arranged in spiral lines; the last whorl about one- fourth the total length, scrobiculate in front, two-crested at the base. Aperture subpentagonal, nearly closed by five teeth and lamella? : a twisted lamella on the parietal wall, a bifid one on the columella, a small tooth within the base, with a fourth strong tooth and a fifth small one within the outer lip; frequently a sixth tooth projecting at the upper part of the right lip. Peristome expanded, acute, thick- ened within, the right lip angulated above, columellar margin a little reflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 15-16, width 4, aperture with peristome 4 mil!, long, 3 wide (Doer.). Argentina : widely spread on the southwestern slope of the Sierra de Acltala ; granitic hills of the eastern slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta, around None ; Quebrada del Rio de Mina Clavero, ex- tending to the southern extreme of the Sierra de Achala, occurring at the Qu^brada de Oyada, in the province of S. Luis. 0. champaquianus DOER., Periodico Zool., ii, pt. 4, p. 249 (1877). This species has some resemblance to 0. profundidens, found on the north of the S. de Achala ; but it differs at first sight by the spiral lines formed of fine lamellae, very delicate, fragile and membranous, forming a reticulate sculpture. The shell is more compact and narrow, the whorls much more convex, and there are differences in the teeth. ODONTOSTOMUS. 81 O. PROFUNDIDENS Doerino- O Shell rimate, cylindric-fusiform, turreted, slender, rather solid, not shining; ashy-ochraeeous, often streakedly -variegated, with p teeth ; peristome expanded, somewhat acute, thickened within, the right margin lightly arcuate above, basal margin expanded, columellar margin reflexed. Length 22, width G mill.; aperture with peristome 6^ mill, long, 4 wide (Doer.). Argentina : Saline plains at the foot of the western slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta, Dep. Chancani. 0. salinicola DOEK., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 247 (1877). Of fusiform contour, with the first 5 whorls narrow, a little trans- parent, opaque in the middle but not calcareous in fresh specimens. The impression on the last whorl around the aperture is pretty dis- tinct, and the aperture quite ample. (). BERGII Doering. Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted, pellucid, rather smooth or irregu- larly substriate, pellucid, pale corneous or brownish-corneous. Spire fusiform-turreted, the apex a little attenuated, slightly obtuse. Whorls 10, a little convex, the first corneous-brown, slightly substriate, the last usually paler, about one-fourth the length, impressed in front, strongly two-crested beneath. Aperture angularly sub-oval, ob- structed by 5 teeth : peristome white, thickened within, widely ex- ODONTOSTOMUS. panded, somewhat solute, the margins joined by a thick, compressed callus. Length 16-22, diam. 5-6 mill. ; aperture with peristome 4-| 5^ mill, long, 3^-3f mill, wide (Doer.). Argentina. O. beryii DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 246 (1877). This species has an extended distribution and varies within wide limits, preserving, however, certain definite characters, particularly the depth and length of the groove at the base, etc. Var. , from Alta Gracia, collected by Dr. D. C. Berg. Length 18-20, width 5^ mill. ; of a narrow, very short form, light colored, corneous-white. b. Cuesta de S. Antonio, Sierra Chica, region of Coco y Moye. Length 19-22, width 5-6 mill. ; shell long and narrow, of darker color, only the last whorl is more or less whitish. c. Cerro Salado, on the west slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta. Length 19-21, width 6, apert. with perist. 5-| .mill, long, 2| wide. Teeth and peristome thicker. O. RETICULATUS Doering. Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted, corneous-brown or blackish-green, sculptured with very minute, elevated, close spiral lines. Suture rather deep. Whorls 9, somewhat convex, the first embryonal, coarsely striate, the last over one-fourth the total length, a little scrobiculate-impressed in front, two-crested at the base. Aperture suboval, obstructed by 5 teeth ; peristome expanded, thickened within, right margin subangular above, columellar margin reflexed, the margins joined by a parietal callus. Length 17-18, width 5 mill.; aperture with peristome 5 mill, long, 3t? wide (Doer.). Argentina : eastern slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta, the heights of Tablada, Plumeria, etc. 0. reticulatus DOER., Periodico Zool., ii, pt. 4, p. 250 (1877). This species is intermediate between Odontostonms and Macro- dontes \_Scalarinella~\ in sculpture. The whorls, especially the upper ones, are very convex; the aperture and arrangement of teeth are in complete agreement with the allied species. The jaw has 13 plaits. O. MARTENSII Doering. Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, ventricose, the apex acute ; ashy-brown, longitudinally closely wrinkle-striate or subdecussately costulate-striate ; somewhat variegated, with irregularly-spaced, Ion- ODONTOSTOMl S. 89 gitudinal, brownish-corneous streaks. Spire somewhat swollen, tur- reted, the apex rather acute. Whorls 8, a little convex, the first buff-corneous, obsoletely striate, the rest closely rib-striate, decussated by 3 to 6 impressed, very minute, spiral lines; the last whorl scarcely two-fifths the total length, whitish, compressed at the side and shortly two-crested at the base. Aperture suboval, contracted by 5 teeth : one in the middle of the parietal wall, a horizontal one on the co.lu- mella, a third in the base, the fourth and filth small, within the right margin. Peristome white, expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin lightly arcuate above, basal expanded, columellar margin, reflexed (Doer.). Length 17, diam. 6, length of aperture 5|, width 4 mill. Length 19, diam. 7^, length of aperture 6^, width 4^ mill. Length 20, diam. 7^, length of aperture 7, width 4 mill. Argentina : northern part of the Province of Cordova, on granitic hills around Tortoral (Dr. Stelzner). Odontostomus martensii DOER., t. o., p. 455 (1875); Periodico Zoologico, i, pt. 3, p. 181 (1875). B. martensii Doer., KGB., Nachrbl., 1876, p. G. PFR., Monogr., viii. p. 610. Distinguished by its sculpture, three fine spiral lines crossing the strias. In the Boletin, 1875, Doering gave the following descrip- tion : Shell fusiform, ventricose, ashen-brown, closely costulate- striate, somewhat decussated by minute spiral impressed lines ; variegated with irregular longitudinal spots of brown-corneous at irregular intervals. Spire swollen, turreted, the apex rather acutely tapering ; whorls 8, a little convex, the last one two-fifths the length. Peristome slightly thickened, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 19, diam. 7^, aperture 6f mill, long, 4^ wide (Doer.}. O. MULTISPIIIATUS Doering. Shell rimate, elongate, cylindric turreted, many-whorled, pellucid- corneous or subopaque, irregularly substriate, rather smooth. AVhorls 12 to 13, a trifle convex, slowly increasing, the first a little convex, substriate, the rest somewhat variegated with whitish strhe grouped in longitudinal streaks; last whorl but little impressed in front, the base obsoletely two-crested. Aperture ovate, normally contracted by 5 teeth ; peristome white, expanded, the right margin subangular above, the margins joined by a rather thick, compressed, subsolute callus. Length 16-19, diam. 4 mill.; aperture with peristome 3^ to 4 mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.). 90 Argentina : Quebrada de Yatan, de Nieve, Anna de los Oscuros, on the western slope of the Sierra de A conjiyasta. 0. nmltispiratus DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 245 (1877). Readily known by the long, slender form and numerous whorls. It varies somewhat, both in decree of elongation and in color, those living on slopes exposed to the sun being paler and more calcareous than those from shadv places, which are darker colored. V I Grovp of 0. ncykctus. O. LEMOINKI Ancey. PI. 12, fig. 84. Shell rather slender, long and tapering, rather thin or somewhat solid, narrowly, obliquely perforate, tawny-gray, somewhat glossy. Spire long, regularly tapering to the somewhat obtuse apex. AVhorls 9^, regularly and slowly increasing, a little convex, separated by a simple and impressed suture, 4 or o earlier whorls nearly smooth, thot tooth in the aperture. No other Odontostomus has the transverse harrier standing within the series of lip-folds, which is possessed by all the Playiodontes except patdgonicus. The teeth of the species are very similar throughout the subgenus, except in the 0. patogonicrts, in which they are partially degen- erate. In 0. dentatus (pi. 15, fig. 25) and 0. patagonicus the apex has very fine, waved striae, faintly decussated by spiral lines. In 0. dadakus (pi. 15, fig. 32), and probably all the other species, it is finely costellate. Key to Species of Plagiodontes.. 1. Aperture almost closed by 7-10 teeth and a transverse plate be- hind them. a. Surface merely wrinkled with growth lines ; clear corneous. Uruguay, Entre-rios. dentatus, p. 94. a 1 . Surface distinctly and closely stria te. b. Strife almost rib-like; opaque-brown, whitish behind the aperture. S.-E. Argentina. rocce, p. 97. b l . Striae fine and close. c. Shell obese, whitish, the sutures moderately im- pressed, dcedaleus, p. 97. 94 ODONTOSTOMUS. c l . Cylindrical, the whorls flattened; corneous-whit- ish ; 26x11 mill. brackebuschi, p. 100. c 2 . Subcylindrical, the cone of spire very short; rufous-brown, a whitish keel above the sutures; whorls flat ; 26x12 to 29x14 mill. weyenberghi, p. 100. c 3 . Ovate-oblong, more slender than the other spe- cies ; 27x10 mill. multiplicatus, p. 101. 2. Aperture comparatively open, with three moderate sized and often some smaller teeth ; transverse barrier small or wanting. Bahia Blanca inland to Sierra Ventana. patdyontcns, p. 95. O. DENTATUS (Wood). PI. 14, figs. 15, 16, 17 ; pi. 15, fig. 25. Shell deeply perforate and rimat^, oblong, of a dirty corneous tint, rather dull, faintly marked with growth -lines. Spire very convexly conic, the apex obtuse. AVhorls about 6^, moderately convex, aper- ture ovate, nearly closed by 8 or 9 teeth : a composite, deeply enter- ing parietal lamella, a very large, spreading and partly vertical colu- mellar lamella, a small, acutely compressed basal fold ; and within the outer lip a similar lower palatal ibid, an accessory fold often be- tween these two ; a large, twisted upper palatal, and a pair of con- tiguous superpalatal folds, connected at their bases ; behind the lower palatal fold a high transverse lamella stands. Peristome white, thick- ened and narrowly reflexed. Length 20, diam. 85, length of aperture 8^ mill. Length 19, diam. 8, length of aperture 8^ mill. (Montevideo). Length 16, diam. 8, length of aperture 7^ mill. (Montevideo). Length 16^, diam. 7^, length of aperture 7 mill. (Montevideo). Uruguay : Montevideo, in abundance (Martinez, Dr. W. H. Rush); Colonia. Argentina, prov. Entre Rios : Feliciano and San Jose (Orbigny); Concordia and Mercedes, among plants in sandy places (Paz); Gualeyuaychu (L. D. Vries). Helix dentata WOOD, Index Testae. Suppl., pi. 8, f. 71 (1828). Bnlimus dentatus Wood, PFR., Symbolaj ad Hist. Hel. iii, p. 54; Monogr. ii, p. 86 ; iii, 369 ; iv, 438 ; vi, 76 ; viii, 107, 612 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 139, pi. 16, f. 4-6. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 233. HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacih'co, Moluscos, p. 80. B. (Odontostomus) dentatus STROHEL, Material! per una Malacostatica di terra e di acqua dolce dell' Argentinia Meridionale, p. 17, exclusive of var. OUONTOSTOMUS. 95 {1874) Tomiyerus dentatus MORCII, Catal. Yoldi, p. 29. Odontos- tomus dentatus DOERINO, Boi. Acad. Nac. Ciencias, Cordoba, 1875, p. 452; Periodico Zoologico i, pi. 3, p. 197 (1875). Pliiyioilontrs dentatus DOER., Bol. Acad. Cord, ii, p. 318 ; Periodico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 238 (1877) B. (Ployiodontes} dentatus Kor,., .Tahrb. 1878, p. 133. Pupa dentata DESII. in Fer., Hist., p. 218, pi. 1G2, f. 17, 18 Helix sowerbiana FEU., Prodr., p. 71, no. 492 bis (nude name). ORBIGNY, Mag. de Zoo!., 1835, p. 22. Cyelodontina sowerbyana BECK, Index, p. 88. Piipa sowerbiana ORB., Voy., p. 321, pi. 41 bis, f. 15, 1C (exclusive ofv&r.patagonica).- .POT. et Mien., Galerie i, p. 173, pi. 17, f. 7, 8. Odoittostomus ( Phi yiodontes) sowerbyarms Orb., A'NCKY, Le Naturaliste, May, 1901, p. 103. Pupa labyrinthm in Berlin Museum, ANTON, Verxeichniss, p. 47, no. 1749 (according to Pf'r. ); nude name. In most of the specimens from Montevideo the fold lying between the basal and lower palatal is wanting, as it was in Wood's type; but it is sometimes present or even represented by two folds. It occurs in specimens from Colonia and Entre Rios. Ancey mentions that in one specimen he found five irregularly placed denticles within the basal lip. In the Montevideo shells the upper end of the composite parietal lamella, or that part representing the angular lamella, is usually a mere low buttress on the right side of the true parietal (fig. 15), but in some specimens from other localities it is more tubercular, and a low callous cord runs upward from it to near the termination of the outer lip. In immature specimens of 0. dentatus at a certain stage the components of the parietal lamella stand separate upon the parietal wall (pi. 15, fig. 33). 4 O. PATAGONICUS (Orbigny). PI. 14, figs. 20-24. Shell deeply rimate, pupiform with conic spire, rather solid, light olivaceous brownish with darker longitudinal streaks; somewhat shining, sculptured with fine, irregular growth-stria?. Last whorl subcylindrical or barrel-shaped, those above rapidly tapering, form- ing a rather short, conic spire. "NYhorls 6^ or 7, nearly flat, the last with a more or less distinct basal keel on its latter half, and having a small flattened tract within the keel behind the basal lip. Aper- ture vertical, shortly, irregularly ovate, obstructed by three principal lamella^ and one or two smaller denticles or teeth : one curved 96 ODONTOSTOMt S. lamella well within on the parietal wall, bifid at its outer end; one very obliquely entering lamella on the columella ; and a compressed upper palatal fold within the outer lip near its middle. Besides these there are in some specimens a small basal fold within the basal lip near the foot of the columella, and a suprapalatal fold within the outer lip above the upper palatal fold ; one or two other folds being developed in some individuals. Peristome expanded. Alt. 19-20, diam. 9, length of aperture 8^-8-^ mill. Argentina: Bahia Blanca, in intervals of the dunes bordering the bay (Parchappe). Sierra Ventana mountain system and along the rivers arising therein, Rio Naposta, Rio Sauce-Chico, etc., and draining into the northern shore of Bahia Blanca. Not extending southwest to the drainage of the Colorado river, nor into the Sierra del Azul, etc. (Doering). Helix patagonica ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 22. Pupa sower- biana \ SLY. patagonica ORB., Voyage, p. 321, pi. 41 bis, f. 17, 18 Cyclodontina patagonica, BECK, Index, p. 88. Bidimus dentatas var. 6, PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 87. Bulimus patagonicus Orb., PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 438. Plagiodontes patagonicus d'Orb., DOERING Informe Oficial de la Comision Cientifica agregada al estado mayor general de la Expedicion al Rio Negro (Patagonia), Entr. i, Zoologia, p. 68, pi 1, f. 7, 8 (1881). Odontostomus (Plagioduntes) iheringi PILS. & VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 473. The specimens described above are what I formerly described as 0. iheringi (figs. 23, 24); but the full information on 0. patagonicus given by Doering shows that they are referable to that species. D'Orbigny described patagonicus from bleached shells from the shores of the Bay, larger than those before me from the Sierra, and having the peristome strongly thickened. The original figures are copied on my plate 14, f. 20, 21, and the original description here follows : Shell short, ventricose, subperforate, thick, smooth ; spire conic, whitish, the apex obtuse, striated. Whorls 7; suture fiat. Aperture mask-like, rounded, with three large teeth, two on the columellar side. Columella fiat, thick; lip very thick, reflexed. Length 22^, diam. 11 mill. (Orb.) Usually patagonica has but three teeth, but some individuals have besides these, some other small ones, frequently but slightly indi- cated, but located as in dentatus. The form of the shell is always more swollen and shorter than in that species. (From Orb., Voy.) ODONTOSTOMUS. '.I? This species differs from 0. dentatas in the quite vertical aperture, the oblique, not subvertical, direction of the coluniellar lamella, the straight, instead of abruptly bent, upper palatal fold, and generally lf>s developed dentition of the aperture. The transverse plate behind the lower palatal fold in 0. deniatus is generally wanting in pata(/onicrts,aud the total number of teeth is normally 3 or 4, rarely 7 or 8. The ordinary size is 20-23 mill, long, though it may attain 27 mill, long, 12 wide. Dr. A. Doering, from whose account these details are taken, figures two specimens, the largest of which I have reproduced (fig. 22). O. ROCAE (Doering). PI. 14, figs. 18, 19. Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, rather solid, brown, opaque, slightly shining ; ornamented with close, nearly regular striae ; spire ovate- subcylindrical, the apex conic, suture impressed. Whorls 8, a trifle convex, the first two nearly smooth, buff-corneous, the rest brown, regularly sculptured ivit/i close, almost rib-like striae, sometimes whitish ; the last whorl about one-third the total length, chalky- white around the aperture. Aperture subvertical, ovate, calcareous, nearly closed by 8-10 folds, of which three are stout and lamelli- form : one angular, twisted and grooved parietal lamella, the second and largest tongue-shaped, on the columella, the third twisted, within the middle of the right margin ; besides which there are 3 to 5 minute parallel folds within the basal lip, two small ones within the upper part of the outer lip, and a strong transverse lamella deep within the mouth. Peristome expanded, labiate, the margins joined by a callus. Length 21-24, diam. 8-9, length of aperture 7-9 r width 61-7^ mill. (Doer.). Argentina : Southern slope of the Sierra de Carrumalan, in damp, shady places. Playiodontes rocae DOERING, Informe Oficial, etc., de la Exped. al Rio Negro, Entr. i, Zoologia, p. 65, pi. i, f. 5, 6 (1881). Distinguished from its allies by the dark color, becoming white near and in the aperture, the rib-stria-, etc. The locality is near the Sierra Ventana. 0. P^EDALEUS (Deshayes). PI. 14, figs. 1-9. Shell perforate and rimate, ovate, swollen, whitish, finely and densely striate. Spire conic. Whorls 6^-7, rapidly increasing, tin' 98 ODONTOSTOMUS. last obese, having a pit behind the basal lip. Aperture vertical, ovate-truncate, nearly closed by the large teeth : a twisted, angular composite parietal lamella, bifid outwardly, a very large subvertical lamella upon the columella, two or three compressed folds within the basal lip, an oblique, twisted, large upper palatal plate-like fold in the middle of the outer lip, and two small tubercular, separated suprapalatal folds ; standing within from the lower palatal fold there Js an erect trausverse barrier. P.-ristome thin, expanded. Length 21, diam. 12 mill. (Deshayes' type). Length 21, diam. 10-11, length of aperture 10 mill. Length 19, diam. 10, length of aperture 9J mill. Argentina : Provinces of Cordova and San Luis. Pupa dadalea DESH. in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 217, pi. 162, f. 23, 24. Bulimus dczdahvs Dh., PFK., Conchy]. Cab., p. 194, pi. 56, f. 11- 14; Monogr. iii, p. 370 ; iv, 438 ; vi, 76 ; viii, 613. HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 51. KOBELT, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1880, p. 286, pi. 9, f. 1-7; with var. mayor Doer., p. 287, f. 1, 2 ; var. minor Doer., 1. c., f. 5, 6; var. multidentatus Doer., 1. c., f. 7. Biili- mus (Odontostomus} dcedahus STROBEL, Mater. Maiac. Argent., p. 16, with var. major B. (Plagiodontes} dcedahus Dh., KOBELT, Jahrb., 1878, p. 133, with var. strobelii and salinicola Doer, (no de- scription). Odontostomus dcedaleus Dh., DOERING, Periodico Zoolog- ico, Organo de la Sociedad Zoologica Argentina, i, entr. 3 (1875), ]). 198200, with var. major, minor, multidentatus. Plaqiodontes dcedaleus Dh., DOER., Per. Zool. ii, entr. 4 (1877), with var. strobelii (p. 239) and salinicola, p. 240 Odontostomus dsedaleus Dh., MAR- TENS, Conch. Mittheil., p. 158. A common species in central Argentina, at Cordova, etc. ; the locality " Brazil " given by Deshayes being erroneous. It varies widely in form, and in the development of the minor folds within the basal lip. Deshayes' type had three basal denticles, but most of the specimens before me have but two, while Doering found a larger number in some forms of the species. Var. major Strobel (1874). Shell with produced, acute, conic spire ; two teeth within the basal lip of the aperture. Length 25, diam. 12 mill. (Strobel}. Foot of the Sierra del Morro, near San Luis, province of San Luis (Herrero). This is apparently identical with var. major ("mayor") of Doering, later in date. The latter (pi. 14, figs. 6, 7) is described as 24 to 26 ODONTOSTOMUS. 99 mill, long, 121 to 13 wide, with 7 whorls, aperture lHx9 mill. It is said by Doering to be the normal form, encountered in great abundance in the Sierra de Cordova. According to Kobelt, who received a specimen from Doering, it is 30 mill, long, like the type in dentition of aperture or having two accessory folds between the two basals ; whorls 7-7^. Var. minor Doer. (figs. 4, 5) is only 19-23^ mill, long, 101 wide, and said to be somewhat more obese than the type, with typical teeth. It seems to me to be an absolute synonym of typical dczdahus. It occurs chiefly in the more sterile and dry localities, around the peaks of the Sierra de Cordova. 4 Var. multidentatus Doering (pi. 14, fig. 9), predominates in dry places in the pampas. It agrees with var. minor in the obese shape, but the dentition is much stronger. Three strong cords run out from the lamella on the parietal wall, two from that on the columella. The first basal fold is doubled, and in place of the second there are three parallel folds running into the transverse barrier, and even visible upon it. There is another fold interposed below the large lamella (upper palatal fold) of the outer lip, and the surface of the large fold bears a strong ridge. The types measure, length 20, diam. 25, aperture 10x8 mill., whorls 6; and 25, 13, apert. llx'.i mill., whorls 6. Var. strobeU Doering (1877). Shell elongate, with acutely conic spire ; the columellar lamella usually has a little tooth about the mid- dle of its base ; the secondary upper tooth of the parietal lamella is usually less prominent. The largest specimens were collected on the Cerro de Yerba Buena, in the Sierra de Aconjigasta, and measure : Length 30, diam. 13, apert. 12 mill., whorls 7-1 ; length 33, diam. 14, apert. 13 mill., whorls 7f. Further south a diminution in size is observable. For example, a specimen from S. Javier measures : 26, 12, 11 mill., whorls 7. Var. salinicola Doering (1877). Of smaller size, and much less striate. The secondary superior tooth of the parietal lamella is sep- arated entirely from the principal by a space. Length 23-26, diam. 12-13 mill., whorls 7. From the saline margins of the Laguna de Pocho. 0. BRACKEBUSCHII Doering. PI. 14, figs. 10, 11, 12. Shell cylindrical, longitudinally striated, opaque, subcalcareous, 100 ODONTOSTOMUS. corneous-whitish: apex shortly conic, rather obtuse, suture scarcely impressed, thread-like. Whorls 8, flattened, the first two nearly smooth, the rest elegantly and densely striated; last whorl about two- fifths the total length. Aperture vertical, ovate, nearly closed by 7 teeth, all remote from the margin. There are three thick lamelli- form teeth : one angular, twisted and grooved parietal lamella, the second tongue-shaped, on the columella, the third a twisted fold in the middle of the right margin; within the basal lip there are 2-4 minute folds, and 2 minute ones within the upper part of the outer lip; and there is a strong transverse lamella inward beyond the folds. Peristome lipped, expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus, the right margin subangular above. Length 26, diam. 11, length of aperture 10^, width 8f mill. (Doering^). Argentina: Sierra de la San Luis at S. Francisco. 0. brackebuschii DOER., Apuntes Fauna Argent, iii, in Periodico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 240 (1877) Bulimus brackebuschii Doer. r KOBELT, Jahrb. 1878, p. 133; 1880, p. 288, pi. 9, f. 8-10. This species scarcely differs in the structure of the aperture from 0. dcedaleus, especially the var. multidentatus, but it differs in its cylindrical, not swollen form, blunter apex and flat whorls, which show 7 the young to be keeled. The basal impression is weaker than in dcedaleus, and the minor denticles vary in the same way. It differs from 0. multiplicatus Doer., in the wider, cylindrical shell, with shortly conoid, not elongated apex; the flat whorls and scarcely impressed suture. It is narrower, thicker and more opaque than 0* iveyenberghi, and without a keeled suture. O. AVEYENBERGHI Doering. PI. 14, figs. 13, 14. Shell rimate, subcylindrical, slightly ventricose, rather solid, rufous-brown, not glossy; encircled above the suture with a whitish carina. Spire somewhat club-shaped cylindrical, the apex shortly conic, tapering, slightly obtuse, suture flat. Whorls 7, flattened, the first nearly smooth, slightly convex, the rest delicately and densely striate, the last whorl scarcely exceeding half the length of the shell, encircled at the middle by a whitish band, sometimes obsoletely carinate, the base compressed, scarcely pitted. Aperture vertical, ovate, with 3 large and 4-7 smaller teeth : a large, sinuous parietal lamella with three external cords, another very large tongue- shaped and sinuous lamella on the columella, a third twisted and ODONTOSTOMUS. 101 subquadrate, in the middle of the outer lip, almost reaching to the margin, and 25 folds within the basal, 2 within the upper part of the outer lip, and some obsolete denticulation at the base of the columellar lamella; a high, transverse lamella deep in the aperture, and visible by translucence from the outside. Peristome broadly expanded, white, lipped inside, subangular above on the right side, the margins joined by a very thin callus. Length 26-29, diam. 12-14, length of aperture with peristome 12-13, width 10 mill. (Kob.}. Argentina: a few moist ravines, the "Nieve" and the "Mermela," on the western slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta. Plagjodontes weyemberglm DOER., Apuntes, iii, in Periodico Zoologico, ii, pt. 4, p. 239 (1877). Bidimus weyeiiberyldi Doer., KOBELT, Jahrb., 1880, p. 289, pi. 9, f. 11, 12 B. weyentber ,///// KOBELT, Jahrb., 1878, p. 133. Close to the preceding species, but darker colored, witli shorter, blunter apical cone, completely flat whorls, and with an acute carina, which extends to the aperture, at least faintly. The teeth are as in the two species preceding, only stronger, and seem to be equally variable. The spelling " iveyemberghii " was obviously a misprint for weyen- bergkii, the species being named in honor of Dr. D. H. Weyenbergh, Professor of Zoology in the National University of Cordova. O. MULTIPLICATUS Doering. Shell deeply rimate, ovate-oblong, closely, regularly striate, rather solid, opaque ; spire elongate, the apex attenuated-acute. Whorls 7, a trifle convex, the last scarcely two-fifths the total length, with a slight basal crest. Aperture subvertical, ovate, nearly closed by 8-10 teeth, three of them large : the first angulate, twisted and grooved, on the parietal wall ; the second tongue-shaped, excavated, on the columella; the third twisted, within the right margin. There are also 3-5 minute folds within the basal and two obsolete ones within the upper part of the outer lip, and a transverse fold deeper in the aperture. Peristome somewhat thickened, lipped, expanded, a little reflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 27, diam. 10, aperture with peristome 10^ mill, long, 8 wide (Doer.). Argentina: Cerro de Chepe, province of Rioja (Stekner). Odontostomus multiplicatus DOERING, Periodico Zuologico, i, pt. 3, p. 196 (1875); Boletin Acad. nac. Ciencias, Cordoba, 1875, p. 452. Bulimus (Odontostomus^) multiplicatus KOB., Nachr. malak. Ges., viii, 1876, p. 5 PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 612. J('V HYPERAULAX. This species has not been figured. It is readily distinguishable from dsedaleus, patagoniciis and dentatus by its narrower form, more regular striation and more numerous teeth. Genus HYPERAULAX Pilsbry, 1897. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 10; Man. of Conch, xi, p. 82 (as a section of Bulimulus). Includes Bonnanius Jouss., see below. Shell umbilicate, ovate, with 4^-5^ whorls, the apex sculptured with waved wrinkles. Aperture about half the total length, having a callous nodule at the posterior angle, more or less separated from the end of the lip by a groove; peristome reflexed, unarmed [or in the section Bonnanius having vertical upper palatal and columellar teeth, and usually two teeth (angular and infraparietal) on the parietal wall]. Soft anatomy unknown. This group was formerly subordinated to Bulimulus, but I am now convinced that it belongs in the immediate neighborhood of Anctus and Odontostomus. The group probably was an early branch from the Odontostomine stock before it had split into the modern genera Anctus, Odontostomus, and Tomigerus. The infraparietal lamella is the longest of those on the parietal wall, when any are present. This agrees with Plagiodontes and Tomigerus; while in other Odoniosto mince having lamella; on the parietal wall, the parietal is longest. In Tomigerus the parietal lamella is small, in Hyperaidax (Bonnanius) it is wanting. Anctus laminiferus has a vertical, not entering, tooth upon the outer lip, analogous to, possibly homologous with, that of Hyperaidax ramagei. Until we know something of the pallial, muscular, digestive and genital systems of Tomigerus, Hyperaidax and Anctus, their mutual relations cannot be adequately understood. Dr. O. von Mollendorff has recently (Nachr. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1901, p. 12G) suggested that B. ridleyi belongs to the Buliminoid group Napceus, directing attention to its similarity to species of the A/ores; but the latter do not have the apical sculpture of Hyperaidax ridleyi, and I regard the resemblance as a case of convergent evolu- tion, perhaps due to some similar insular environmental factors, and not of phylogenetic significance. The typical section of the genus includes the recent species H. ridleyi (Smith), of Fernando Noronha (Manual xi, p. 82), and the HYPERAULAX. 1 0,, oligocene H. floridanus (Conr.), of which Bnlimuhis longcevus Ancey (Le Naturalists, May, 1881, p. 414) is a synonym; H. heilprinianus (Dall); H. stearnsii (Ball), and H. antericanus (Dall), Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Science, iii, pp. 5-7 (1890); all from the Silex Beds at Tampa, Florida. H. RIDLEYI (Smith). Vol. XI, p. 82. Some specimens are smaller than those described, one before me measuring, length 8.2, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 mill., with 4^ whorls. There is no pale band at the periphery, the whole shell being dull brown, with angular buff lines and dots. It is densely but super- ficially striate spirally. The nepionic shell consists of nearly 2 whorls, which are densely, minutely sculptured with waved wrinkles. Section Bonnanius Jousseaume, 1900. Bull, de la Societe Philomatique de Paris, n. ser., ii, p. 39. In this section the aperture is contracted by blunt teeth : two on the parietal wall, the upper (angular lamella) tubercular, the lower (infraparietal lamella) compressed and entering; one on the colu- mella, and one (the upper palatal) within the outer lip. In view of the great variability of teeth in all the groups of Odontostominse, the group does not seem of more than subgeneric or sectional rank. H. RAMAGEI (E. A. Smith). PI. 11, figs. 60, 61, 62. Shell subperforate and shortly rimate, obesely-ovate, solid, sculp- tured with fine wrinkles of growth and faint spiral lines ; reddish- brown, encircled by whitish bands, four on the last whorl. Spire shortly conic, the apex obtuse, sculptured with close, vertical, waved wrinkles ; last whorl very obese, rounded below, having a pit behind the outer lip, another behind the columellar lip. Aperture slightly oblique, irregularly ovate, brownish within, obstructed by four teeth: a small, tubercular angular, well separated from a thick, entering infraparietal lamella ; a large squarish tooth on the columella, and a large vertical fold with irregular or crenate edge within the middle of the outer lip. Peristome thick, reflexed, and with the teeth, ivory white ; parietal callus rather heavy, thickened into a low nodule at the posterior angle of the aperture. Length 18^, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 11 mill. Length 23^, diam. 16 mill. (Smith, types of ramrtgei'}. Length 17^, diam. 12^ mill. (Smith, types of ramagei). 104 HYPERAULAX. Length 22, diam. If), length of aperture 13^ mill. (Jouss., type of ouvieri). Fernando Noronlia Island, imbedded in sandy mud on a raised reef at Tobacco Point (G. A. Rarnage). Bulimus (Tomigerus") ramar/ej E. A. SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Lond.), xx, Zoology, p. 500, pi. 30, f. 8 (1890.) Bonnanius bou- vieri JOT SSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (ser. 9), ii, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 19 (1900). Turbine, in cui la prima voluta e straordinariamente rigonfia : ha bocca prodigiosa per i quattro dente, che formano il buco, come di serratura tedesca. E' bianco dentro, castagnino fuori BUONAXM, Ricreatione dell' Occhio e della Mente, parte seconda, p. 185, f. 44 (1681); Latin edition, BONANNUS, Recreatio Mentis et Oculi (1684), p. 118, f. 44 ; Museum Kircherianum, classis xii, p. 452, f. 44 (1709). Bonnanius bonnanius JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Philomath. (9 ser.), ii, p. 41 (1900), based upon Buonanni's figures and description. Mr. Smith describes this species as having four white bands on the body-whorl, which agrees with the specimen before me (f. 60), from coll. G. H. Clapp ; but his figure (f. 62) shows five, bands. Two only of the twenty specimens examined by Smith exhibit any variation in the teeth of the aperture, these wanting the two parietal denticles. There is considerable variation in size. The Bonnanius bouvieri of Jousseaume (pi. 11, fig. 61) is clearly the same species, differing only in the longer fold within the outer lip. Although introduced into scientific zoology by Mr. E. A. Smith in 1890, this species was first described and figured by a far earlier conchologist. Making reasonable allowance for bad drawing, the Turbine no. 44, figured by the worthy Jesuit, Father Buonanni, in 1681, is evidently Smith's B. ramagei. The island Fernando Noronha was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci in 1503, his vessel lying there some eight days, with abundant and duly improved opportunity for observing the pro- ductions of the island, as we learn from his account of the voyage. It is thus quite likely that the specimen treasured in the collection of the Roman College of the Society of Jesus was collected and brought home by Vespucci or some of his crew. Neither LinnuMis nor Gmelin seem to have noticed the thrice-published figure of Bon- annus. It was M. Jousseaume, in 1900, who lirst called attention to TOMIGERUS. 105 Buonanni's figure, to which he applied the name Bonnanius bonim- ius. He was ignorant of the locality of the species and of I\Ir. Smith's work upon it, and not only misquotes the reference to Bounanni's work, but misspells his name, which Bounanni himself Latini/cs "Bonannus." Genus TOMIGERUS Spix, 1827. Tomigerus SPIX, Testacea Fluviatilia quas in itinere per Brasiliam ann. 1817-1820, etc., coll. Dr. J. B. de Spix, legend on pi. lf>, type T. clausus. Shell turbinate or ovate, compressed from face to back, imperfor- ate, but with a long umbilical chink ; whorls 4-5, the spire more or less conic, apex smooth ; last whorl compressed, with deep, oblique grooves behind the peristome. Aperture somewhat triangular, lateral, subvertical, seven-toothed ; parietal lamella much smaller than the long angular and infraparietal lamella? ; three teeth on the straightened and sloping baso-columellar margin a small supra- columellar and large, entering, columellar lamella, and a basal fold ; outer lip bearing a single obliquely entering palatal fold. Soft anatomy unknown. Type, T. clausus Spix. Distribution : Eastern Brazil to Venezuela. This genus is allied on one hand to Plagiodontes, on the other to Anostoma. The armature of the aperture is exceedingly similar in all the known species. The homology of the erect, plate-like fold within the outer lip is not obvious ; it may represent the united upper and lower palatal folds, or the upper palatal united with a suprapalatal and a transverse barrier like that of Plagiodontes. While specialized in shell-contour and armature of the outer lip, Tomigerus is primitive in the distinctness of the three parietal lamella?. Besides the following species, a '' T. globufoides Mss.," from Brazil, is mentioned in Paetel's Catalog. (Edit. 4, 2 Abth., p. 211). No such species has been described by Mousson, to my knowledge. Key to Species of Tomigerus. 1. Shell whitish with brown bands; last whorl strongly distorted, umbilical suture long and straightened. a. Spire depressed, low-conic ; back of last whorl corru- gated. KM; TOMIGERUS. ((. l Spire elevated, conic ; nearly smooth ; diam. about 20 mill. gibberuhis. 2. Shell brown or corneous, not banded ; spire elevated, conic. a. Umbilical suture straight in the middle ; whorls 5 ; diam. about 12 mill. turbinatus. a. 1 Umbilical suture short, arcuate ; whorls 4-4^ ; diam. 5f- 1\ mill. cumingi. T. CLAUSUS Spix. PI. 7, figs. 67, 68, 69, 70. Shell compressed-ovate, distorted as though by pressure on the aperturul side, imperforate, with a long, straightened umbilical suture; white with numerous chestnut bands, the widest one on the base, median bands more or less interrupted, and all disappearing on the front of the shell ; the suture and umbilical rimation bordered with brown. Surface sculptured with faint growth-stria? except on the last half whorl, which is strongly corrugated, the riblets irregular, often anastomosing. Spire low conic ; whorls 4^, the last distorted, excavated behind the columellar lip, and having an oblique groove behind the outer lip. Aperture vertical, somewhat tri- angular, with three lamella? on the parietal, three on the sloping baso-columellar margin, and a large, obliquely entering plate-like fold within the outer lip, its upper end bifid. Peristome broadly expanded, white. Alt. 9, greater diam. 13, lesser 8 mill. Brazil : Province of Bahia, at Almada in the Ilheos district, in primeval forest (Spix), and in the wood of Caxoeira (Blanchet). Tomigerus clausus SPIX, Testae. Bras., pi. 15, f. 4, 5 (1827) PFR., Monogr. i, p. 2; Hi, 285; iv, 327; v, 438; Conchyl. Cab., Helix, pt. 2, p. 8, pi. 101, f. 19-21 DESHAYES, Traite Elementaire, pi. 83, f. 3, 4. H. & A. ADAMS, Genera Rec. Moll, ii, p. 153, pi. 75, f. 4. Tomogeres clausus PFR., Symbols iii, p. 52. PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. ii, p. 131, Helix pi. 8, f. 14. Helix clausa WAGNER in Spix, Testae. Bras., p. 21 (1827) Helix tomigera MORICAND, Memoire sur les Coquilles Terrestres et Fluviatiles envoyees de Bahia par M. J. Blanchet, in Mernoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, vii, p. 439 (see under T. turbinatus} ; xi, Troisieme supplement au Mem. Coq. Terr, etc., p. 152, pi. 5, f. 13-16 (1845) Bulhnns clausus DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 255 (1838) Scarabus clausus REEVE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ix, p. 219, pi. 4, f. 1 (1842) Anostoma spixii HKCK, Index Moll., p. 34 (1837). TOMIGERUS. 107 This species differs from others in the depressed spire, more dis- torted last whorl, corrugated surface and coloration. It is said by Spix and Blanche! to be rare. Four specimens before me vary in the color bands, but are otherwise alike. T. GiBBERri.us (Burrow). PI. 7, figs. 74, 75, 76. Shell semiconic, subarcuately rimate, rather solid, nearly smooth ; whitish, ornamented with wide brown bands. Spire conic, the apex blackish ; whorls 5, the upper ones a little convex, the last longer than the spire, angular posteriorly, flattened on the apertural face, carinated at the base, ascending in front, having pits behind the aperture. Aperture vertical, subtriangular, somewhat effuse toward the right side, maculated with violaceous, obstructed by seven teeth : two on the parietal wall, the upper one oblique, long and serrate, the other transverse ; three on the basal margin, their interstices purple- black ; two on the outer margin, the upper one largest, long, the other compressed, superposed upon it. Peristome simple, white, broadly expanded, at the base reflexed. Alt. 13-14, greater diam. 20, lesser 11 mill. (Pfr.) Brazil : Pernambuco (Burrow). Helix gibberula BURROW, Elements of Conchology, p. 188, pi. 27, f. 3 (1815); second edition, 1825, p. 177 FERUSSAC, Prodr., p. 60. Tomigerus gibberulus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 66; Monogr. iii, p. 284; Conchyl. Cab. Helix, pt. 2, p. 7, pi. 124, f. 1-3. Tomigerus principals SOAVB., P. Z. S. 1849, p. 14, pi. Moll. 2, f. 6, 7. T. TURBINATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, figs. 71, 72, 73. Shell compressed-turbinate, imperforate, with a long, straight umbilical suture, pah brown and dull except in front, where it is somewhat glossy and corneous. Surface sculptured with slight growth-wrinkles only. Spire elevated, conic ; whorls 5, convex, the last transversely dilated but not much distorted, ascending in front, deeply constricted and grooved behind the basal lip, and with a long, oblique impression behind the outer lip. Aperture slightly turned upward, nearly closed by the teeth, of which there are three lamellae on the parietal wall, three on the baso-columellar margin, and a single large obliquely entering plate-like fold within the outer lip, bifid at its upper extremity. Lip expanded, broadly flaring, pale flesh-tinted. Alt. 10, greater diam. 12, lesser 7^ mill. Brazil : Province of Bahia (Blanchet). H IS TOMKiKKl'S. Tomogeres turbinatus PFI:., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 45 (September, 1845). -PHII.IPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib., ii, Helix, p. 131, pi. 8, f. 13. Tomigerux ftn-h/'iitthts PFR., Conchyl. Cab., Helix, pt. 2, p. 9, pi. 101, f. 2-2-24 ; Monogr. i, p. 3 ; iii, p. 285 ; iv, 327 ; v, 438 Auricula <-lcirck's original description of A. depressa is as follows : " Shell suborbicular, convex on both sides, a little depressed, ob- tusely carinated, imperforate, glabrous ; whitish with a circular reddish line above ; aperture five toothed ; lip strongly reflexed." He further remarks that it is sometimes spotted beneath, and has five teeth, two on the columellar margin (parietal wall), and three on the right lip. Greatest diam. 16 to 17 lines (=32 to 34 mill.). The species has usually been placed under A. ringens of authors (A. octo- dentatum F. de W.), as a synonym, but the size, number of teeth, carina, etc., indicate that the shell Lamarck had was what Hup described later as A. verreauxianum. A. verreauxianum measures : alt. 15, greater diam. 30, lesser 23 mill., according to Hup6. Neither Hupe nor Pfeiffer mention the positions of the teeth of the outer lip, but Hup's figures (pi. 6, figs. 53, 54) show that in the type, the columellar lamella and upper and lower palatal folds are developed. Reeve figures a specimen (my fig. 45) in which in addition to these, a suprapalatal appears, making six teeth in all. In the specimens of A. depression before me there is some varia- tion, but all agree in wanting a columellar lamella. One of them (pi. 6. figs. 50, 51, 52) labeled by Robert Swift as purchased from Verreaux, and marked verreauxianum by the latter, has two parietal lamella?, the parietal and the infraparietal, and upper and lower 114 ANOSTOMA. palatal folds, with a minute upper suprapalutal. Another, received by Swift from Bernard!, has in addition a punctiform angle lamella, and the lower one of the suprapalatal folds. Still another shell (pi. 6, figs. 48, 49) labeled "near Rio del Norte, Brazil," is more acutely carinated, with teeth like the speci- men last mentioned. 2. Group of A. ringens. (Section Ringicella Gray.) Ringicella GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 173, for A. ylobulosa. Tomo- gerina JOUSSEAUME Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1877, p. 312, type A. globulosum Lam. A tendency toward the formation of a sutural channel may be seen in CycJodontina and Hyperaulax, though it is not closed over in these forms, as it is in Rinyicella. A. RINGENS (Linne). PI. 5, figs. 27-29, 32-36 ; PL 7, figs. 55-61. Shell biconvex, solid, brownish -yellow, with a dark-brown band above the periphery, another bordering the suture ; the base rather sparsely marked with irregular reddish -brown spots and usually hav- ing a dark stripe below the basal suture. Surface hardly shining, the last whorl densely corrugated in zigzag pattern, but sometimes this sculpture is almost obsolete. Whorls 4|, the last carinated at the periphery, having three deep, dark-colored grooves and one small one behind the lip. Aperture subhorizontal, elevated above the periphery, obstructed by six white teeth : two strong lamellas upon the parietal wall, the parietal lamella compressed, curving upward within, the infraparietal stouter and straight ; outer lip broad, ex- panded and reflexed, white, its upper end perforated by an oval hole ; outer margin with four long folds within, of which the columellar and the lower and upper palatal are subequal, the inner end of the latter being strongly bent upward ; suprapalatal fold smaller and oblique, almost transverse; above it may be seen a small upper superpalatal fold, which has united with the angle-lamella to form the wall of the respiratory foramen, perforating the end of the lip. Alt. 13, diam. 25 mill. Alt. 1ink within ; peristome brilliant rose colored. Length 85, diam. 43 mill.; longest axis of aperture 45 mill. Brazil : Botucatu, Sao Paulo (von Ihering). S. oblongus var. sanctapauli v. I HER. & PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 390 (August 9). This form has much the contour of S. santacruzii, but the early whorls are more swollen and the texture and coloration as in S. oblongus. It was described first as a variety of S. oblongus, but I agree with Dr. von Ihering that it is entitled to specific rank. The type, no. 71229 coll. A. N.. S., is figured. S. PARANAGUENSIS Pils. & v. Iher. PI. 16, figs. 1, 2. Shell ovate, decidedly compressed dorso-ventrally, moderately solid, the spire short, obtuse. Shell substance dull pink, with a pale band below the sutures ; cuticle mainly retained on the later two whorls, yellow below the sutures and back of the outer lip, elsewhere yellowish- chestnut, with rather numerous, narrow, obliquely longitudinal chestnut streaks. Surface moderately shining, irregularly, strongly ivrinkle- costulate, as in S. oblongus ; showing under the lens a microscopic granulation (similar to that of the spire of S. oblongus}, which is largely or entirely lost on the last half whorl. Nepionic whorls finely costulate, as in S. oblongus. Whorls 5, the earlier five regu- larly and moderately widening, with slightly oblique sutures, the last half whorl (in a dorsal view) rapidly descending, its suture extremely oblique. Aperture somewhat oblique, whitish inside; peristome well expanded, brilliant rose-colored ; columella with a moderate fold. Length 92, diam. maj. 55, min. 47 mill. ; length of aperture 62 mill. Brazil : Paranagua, coast of Prov. Parana. S. paranaguensis PILS. & v. IHER., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 390, pi. 11, f. 1, 2 (August 9). With the sculpture of S. oblongus, this species unites the contour of S. ovatus. It differs from oblongus in the streaked cuticle, dorso- ventral compression, short spire, and very oblique last suture. It is more obese than S. granulosus Rang, with less pronounced granula- tion, coarse surface costulation, and closer apical riblets. S. GLOBOSUS (Martens). Vol. X, p. 37. The locality of this species has hitherto been unknown. It occurs subfossil at Montevideo, Uruguay, whence specimens have been sent STROPHOCHEILUS. 125 by Dr. von Ihering. It will probably be found living in tlie same region. The apical sculpture is that of the S. oblongus group. Some specimens are so globose as to suggest the European Helix aspersa. (Pils., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1900, p. 391.) S. LORENTZIANTJS (Doering). Shell subimperforate, ovate, rather solid, somewhat thick, scarcely shining, whitish-fulvous, vvrinkle-striate, banded at the suture ; apex a little obtuse. "Whorls 5^ to G, a little convex, the first regularly and closely costulate-striate, the last ventricose, striate-wrinkled, about five-ninths the total length. Aperture ovate-oblong, glossy pale-reddish inside ; peristome thickened, narrowly-expanded, a little reflexed, of an intense rose-purple color, the margins joined by a spreading, glossy, rose-purple callus; columellar margin dilated, appressed. (Doer.) Var. a. Large, thick ; length 95-100, diam. 64-66, aperture with peristome 57-58 mill, long, 42-43 wide. Var. b. Small, ovate-oblong, thin, of an intense fulvous color; length 75, diam. 45, apert. with perist. 42 mill, long, 33 wide. Argentina : Sierras of Tucuman, Salta and Jujuy (Lorentz, Hier- onymus and Stelzner). Borus lorentzianus DOER., Periodico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 255 (1877). This species differs from S. ovatus by the slightly reflexed peri- stome, subsolute in periphery, and the intense rose-purple callus ; from S. oblongus by the more swollen shell, more obtuse apex, slightly reflexed peristome and whitish-zoned suture ; from S. bronni by the sculpture, purple callus and folded columella ; from S. capillaceus by the sculpture and whitish-bordered suture. The var. minor is found in company with the large specimens, and as no intermediate forms have been received, it may be a distinct species. This species is known to me by the above description only. It seems to belong to the S. oblongus group, and is probably related to S. paranaguensis. S. LUTESCENS (King). Vol. x, p. 36. Var. cordilhra Doering. Shell ovate, intense buff, obsoletely striate, rather smooth ; suture subcrenulate ; peristome narrowly reflexed, of an intense orange color. Length 38, diam. 25, length of aperture with peristome 20, width 15 mill. (Doer.'). Argentina: Sierra de Cordova, extremely rare (Doering). 126 STROPHOCHEILUS. Borus lutescens var. cordillerce DOER., Periodico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, 1877, p. 254. The spiral lines of the typical form are wanting, or very weak on the first whorls only, and the peristome is a bright orange-rose color throughout. Var. dorbignyi (Doering). PI. 24, fig. 1. This is var. australis Martens (vol. x, p. 36). I do not know which name has priority. Doering mentions a large form, " var. maxima" length 35, width 23, and a small, " var. minima," length 30, width 20 mill. Bahia Blanca (Orb., Strobel, U. S. F. C.); Rio Sauce (Chico) (Roca Exped.); interior of Patagonia (Moreno). Borus dorbignyi DOER., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cord, ii, p. 336 ; Perio- dico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 255 (1877); Informe Oficial de la Comi- sion Cientifica agregada al estado mayor general de la Expedition al Rio Negro, Roca, pt. 1, Zool., p. 64, pi. 1, f. 4 (1881). 5. CRENULATUS (Pfr.). BuUmus (Borus) credulatus Pfr., NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 121, is a synomym. Subgenus THAUMASTUS Alb. (Vol. x, p. 43). S. GRANOCINCTUS 11. 11. Shell large, perforate, ovate-oblong, solid, brownish-black, orna- mented with a brown band below the suture, scarcely shining, spire conic with the outlines a trifle convex, apex obtuse, whitish, smooth ; suture somewhat irregular, finely crenulated below, narrowly mar- gined with whitish. Whorls 7, regularly increasing, the upper rather flattened, striatulate, more distinctly so below the sutures ; from the antepenultimate down they are more convex, roughly striate, the strife more distinct below the suture, encircled throughout with wide, flat lira, wider than their interstices, which are peculiarly granose-scaly. Last whorl long, behind measuring three-fifths the length of the shell, the base compressed around the perforation ; anteriorly strongly descending for a long distance, then shortly ascending. Aperture ovate, subvertical, deeply excised by the penult, whorl, livid leaden-brown with a blackish border, and with a silky or pearly lustre within. Peristome thickened, livid lead-brown, the margins remote, connected by a thick, translucent callus, lead- brown outwardly ; outer lip subangular above, then slightly pro- PLEKOCHEILUS. 1 'J7 duced, nearly straight, expanded but scarcely reflexed ; basal lip compressed, rounded, somewhat effuse; columellar margin short, tliick, reflexed above the perforation, dilated at the insertion, and entering in a thick fold. Length 94, diam. 50, oblique length of aperture 51, width 34 mill. (Rolle). Peru : Chanchamoyo. Bulimus (Drypttis) filocinctus ROLI.E, Nachr. d. D. Malak. Ges. 1901, p. 93 (June 11, 11)01). Not Bulimus filocinctus Reuss, Sitzungsber. der K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, xlii, Jahrg. 1860, p. 69 (1861). Intermediate between foveolatus Reeve and melanocheilus Nyst, but differing from both in sculpture. Between the rather wide, almost girdle-like spiral cords on the last two whorls, the growth-stria? swell into flat, oval knots, which project above the level of the girdles and are more noticeable than the latter. They appear to be hollow. Below they appear simply as short, projecting riblets. The first 2^ whorls have a peculiar fine granular-wrinkled minute sculpture. The coloration most resembles that of mehmocheilus. It is evidently a member of the group of S. melanocheilus, and perhaps most nearly allied to S. sangoce (vol. x, p. 45). S. BIT.ENIATUS (Nyst). Vol. x, j>. 58. Specimens from Perene, Peru, are rougher than indicated by the figures of this species, with more convex whorls, and narrower upper light band, which is separated from the suture by a dark band. Probably B. jelskii Lub. and alutaceus Rve. are merely varying forms of bitceniatus. Genus PLEKOCHEILUS Guilding. P. GIBBONIUS (Lea). Vol. x, p. 75. Another synonym is B. gibboreus Pfr.-Cless., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. -227. P. JIABILLEI (Crosse). Vol. x, p. 79. Prof. v. Martens records a larger variety with wider lip. .'!2-^- mill, long, 16^ wide, mouth 19 long, from the road toward the Lluim- from San Martin, Colombia, collected by Stiibel (Conch. Mitthcil., p. 158). P. SUBGI.ANDIFORMIS (MoilSS.). Vol. X, p. 80. Dohrn (Jahrb. ii, p. 305) finds that it varies notably in size, be- tween length 38, diam. 18, apert. 20 mill, and 30, 15, 17 mill. 128 TLEKOCHEILUS. P. SUCCINOIDES (Pfr.). Vol. X, p. 84. Neighborhood of Muzo 600-800 meters elev., and on the way from Bogota to Ibague, Colombia (Stiibel, Conch. Mittheil., p. 158). P. ARGENTEUS ( Jousseaume). PI. 21, fig. 70, 71. Shell imperforate, ovate, rather solid, most minutely granulate, plicate-crenulate at the suture ; tawny, ornamented with scattered chestnut dots and a few whitish streaks. Spire conic, a little obtuse. "Whorls 4|, slightly convex. Aperture oval, glossy within with scat- tered chestnut dots ; columella reflexed, slightly arcuate ; peristome thickened, reddish, moderately expanded throughout. Length 21- 25, diam. 9-12, length of aperture 9-15 mill. (Jouss). Merida, Venezuela, at 4000 meters elevation. Euritus argenteus Jouss., Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (9 ser.), ii, p. 41, pi. 1, f. 20, 21 (1900). In general characters this species resembles J3. veranyi Pfr., but it is smaller and more globose, without an umbilical perforation; the lip is of a bright rose color, and there are short folds below the suture. P. DALMASI Dautzenberg. PI. 21, figs. 72, 73. Shell imperforate, ovate, thin and subpellucid, whorls 4^, convex, separated by an impressed and irregularly crenulate suture, the first whorl very delicately decussate, the rest shining and ornamented with irregular growth-wrinkles. Spire short and obtuse. Last whorl very large, descending in front. Aperture oval ; columella narrow, arcuate, a little twisted above ; lip narrowly margined and almost reflexed ; the margins joined by a very thin, translucent callus. Color dark-brownish corneous, the suture narrowly white or yellow-margined ; peristome rose white. Length 26, diam. 16, aperture with peristome 16^ mill, long, 11 wide (Dautz.). Plecochilus dalmasi DAUTZ., Me"m. Soc. Zool. de France for 1900, xiii, p. 151 ; PlekocJteilus dalmasi DAUTZ., t. c., pi. 9, f. 1, 1. Remarkable for its small size, quite oval form with short spire, thin shell, the narrow margin of the peristome, and for the uniform color, without spots or flames. The locality is not stated by Mr. Dautzenberg, but Count R. de Dalmas collected in several Caribbean islands, in Venezuela at Yacua, and in the Sierra de Sta. Marta. Probably this is from the latter locality. BULIMULIDvE. PLATE 16, , VV ?>%*** ^^Vft'i'W . 'ill STROPHOCHEILUS PLATE 17 ' 1 ' 4-1 '!-", ' Vv'VA n ? Strophocheilus, Etc. Plate 18 .':, '(' ' Strophocheilus, Plate 19 Strophocheilus, Plate 2O i 61 BULIMULID/E. Plate 21 73 PLEKOCHEILUS. 129 P. PLECTOSTYLUS (Pfr.). Vol. X, p. 70. Road from Popayan to Coconuco, on the Altura de los Pesares, 2400-2600 meters elevation, and on the road from Popayan to Patia, at about 1500 meters (Stu'bel, v. Mart., Conch. Mittheil., p. 158). P. GUILDINGI (Dohrn) = P. GUENTHERI (Sowb.). Vol. x, p. 71. The name was pre-occupied by Pfeiffer, Symbols ii, p. 115 (1842), and will be suppressed in favor of P. GUENTHERI Sowb. P. COLORATUS (Nyst). Vol. x, p. 74. PI. 21, fig. 64. In Colombia, Department of Santa Marta, this species was found by Mr. Herbert H. Smith (1898-1901) from 800 to 6000 ft. above sea level. Size and coloration vary widely, the largest and thinnest examples occuring at the higher altitudes. Mr. G. H. Clapp has supplied the following notes on the specimens from various localities, all of which lie to the'east and southeast of Santa Marta. Calavase Road, 8 miles east of Bonda, 800 ft. elevation. Alt. 57, diam. 38 ; aperture, alt. 381 mill. (This was the only living shell found so low down.) Campo Alegre, about 1500 ft. elevation. 67^x42 ; apert. 44 mill. Mincaat 2000 ft. elevation, (a) 46|x 28 ; apert. 301. (J) 51x32; apert. 331. (c ) 561x36; apert. 361. (d) 611x391; apert. 39. These four shells show a wide variation in color and thickness. Specimen "a" is thin and dark-colored, the dark spots being more or less confluent and arranged in streaks. " b " is very thin and light-colored, the spots being widely scattered on the body whorl and arranged in zigzag streaks on the penultimate. " c " is very heavy and dark-colored, the markings are arranged in alternate dark and light streaks which are irregular, the light streaks being spotted with brown. " d " somewhat thinner than "c " and the color pat- tern is exactly like pi. 32, fig. 42, of vol. x. Don Amo, 2000 ft, elevation. 63x38^; apert. 40 mill. Above Minca about 2500 ft. 761x50 ; apert. 52 mill. Onaca, 2500 ft. 89x551 . aper t. 59 mill. Jiracasaca. Clearing at about 2500 ft. 59x36 ; apert. 37^ mill. Jiracasaca, 2800 ft. 641x39 ; apert. 4()i. This is a straw-colored shell without any trace of brown spots on the body-whorl and with a few very faint brown zigzag markings on the spire. This is a quite distinct color-form. 130 PLEKOCHEILUS. Above Aqua Dulce, 3000 ft. 67x42^ ; apert. 46 mill. Don Amo Estate, 3500 ft. 65x41^ ; apert. 40 mill. Las Partidas, 3500-3800 ft. (a) 48^x30 ; apert. 30*. (b) 54*x 341 ; apert. 34. (c) 70^x45 ; apert. 46 mill. Onaca Estate, 4500 ft. (a) 74x46^; apert. 47^. (6) 74x49; apert. 48^. Valparaiso, 4500 ft. 82x56 ; apert. 56^ mill. El Libano, 6000 ft. (a) 83^x53 ; apert. 53. (b) 77^x53 ; apert. 51i. (c) 86x58 ; apert. 59. (d) 92x59 ; apert, 60 mill. See pi. 21, fig. 64. These specimens are larger than those from lesser altitudes. They are quite thin, with indistinct, mottled pattern, densely and minutely sprinkled with yellow dots, the granules being mainly of that tint. The peristome is pink. They are as large as var. ampullaroides (Mouss.) or larger, but differ from that form in the sloping or taper- ing upper portion of the whorls, which is not swollen as in Mousson's variety. According to Mr. Smith, P. coloratus is found on the ground among dry leaves and they are very hard to find an account of their assimilating color. Var. subplicatus Pfr. (vol. x, p. 198, 199) is evidently close to the form of coloratus found in the Santa Marta range. Figures are here given (pi. 21, figs. 67, 68), copied from Pfeiffer. I have little confidence in the records of P. coloratus from Ecuador. P. DOLIARIUS (Da Costa). PI. 24, fig. 5. Shell ovate, umbilicate, somewhat thick, exceedingly ventricose. Whorls 5, minutely granulated throughout, transversely very closely striate, the striae rugose and minutely undulating, delicately plicate at the sutures ; last whorl very ample, inflated, obliquely descending. Columella somewhat twisted, callous above; lip reflexed. Smoky chestnut, the aperture and peristome purplish-lilac. Length 58, diam. 41 mill.; aperture 40 mill. long. 26 wide (Da Costa). Paramba, Ecuador. Strophocheilus (Eurytus) doliarius DA COSTA, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 84, fig. I (July, 1898). This shell, while it approaches both gibbonius Lea and castaneus Pfr., differs from them in form and sculpture. PLEKOCHEILU9. 131 P. COUTURESI (Ancey). Shell ovate, rather thin, subimperforate, a little shining ; dull purple under a thin, more or less deciduous green or buff-brown epidermis. Spire short, obtuse, the apex brown-purple, roundrd- subconoid at summit. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, a little convex, the suture impressed, marked with growth stria* and minutely gran- ulate : the penultimate whorl somewhat swollen on the right side; last whorl deflexed beyond the middle for a long distance, rnallcatc and very minutely granulose, the stria? forming slight folds at the suture. Aperture almost vertical, irregularly oval, angular above, the columellar fold calloused, inside livid purple ; peristome revolute and thickened throughout, rose-purple, the margins joined by a glossy parietal callus, columellar margin a little dilated at the inser- tion. Length 38, diam. 22, alt. of aperture with peristome 22 mill. (Ancey). Bolivia (teste G. Coutures). Eurytus couttiresi Axe., The Nautilus, xiv, p. 42 (August 1, 1900). " This is more egg shaped than either E.pulicarius or E. cathcartiee Reeve, which seem to be its immediate allies. In form it resembles E. cardinalis, Pfr., from Quito, but is a smaller and much thinner shell. I have seen two specimens precisely alike, differing only in size, the larger one, the type, is in my collection " (Ancey). P. CASTANEUS (Pfr.). Vol. x, p. 8.0. PI. 21, tig. til A rather narrower form is here figured. It is of a very dark color, black-brown slightly olive tinted, the aperture purple-black with a pearly sheen. It is from Cauca, Colombia, and measures, length 64, diam. 39, longest axis of aperture 42 mill. P. TRICOLOR (Pfr.). Vol. x, p. 87. PI. 21, tig. 69. A large form is here figured, measuring : length 47, diam. 28, longest axis of aperture 30 mill., whorls 4^. This species belongs to the " group of P. taylorianus," and differs from the species tabulated on p. 89 of Vol. x, in its more elaborate color-pattern. Cousin has bungled characteristically in his syn- onymy of tricolor (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, 209). The variety semipictus Hid. (vol. x, p. 87) was taken by him at Pahua, Ecuador. Simpulopsis fulgurata Miller (see vol. xii, p. 227) is probably :i young specimen of this species. 132 AURIS. P. PIPERATOIDES Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 21, fig. 66. Shell imperforate, ovate with conic spire, thin ; whitish-corneous, profusely dappled with chestnut-brown ; the first whorl brown, shal- lowly and minutely sculptured with waved wrinkles ; apex obtuse. Whorls 4, slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last whorl long-oval ; surface irregularly and rather closely and finely wrinkled or plicatulate, without spiral lines. Suture impressed, the lust third of a whorl rapidly descending. Aperture symmetrically ovate, acute above, quite oblique, whitish and spotted within ; peri- stome white, the edge very narrowly expanded, the basal and colu- mellar margins evenly arcuate, outer lip only feebly arcuate above. Length 29, diam. 17^, longest axis of aperture 18 mill. Colombia. Smaller than P. piperitus, without spiral sculpture or the pepper- ing of small dots, and having the outer lip much less arcuate above. P. PIPERITUS (Sowb.). Vol. x, p. 89. The reference to Reeve should read " B. piperatus." According to Pfeiffer (Nomenclator Hel. Viv. p. 227), Plectostylus pulicarius Beck is identical. It is a nude name. P. TAYLORIANUS (Reeve). Vol. x, p. 90. Reported from Nanegal, Ecuador, by von Martens, from speci- mens collected by Stiibel (C. Mittheil., p. 158). Genus AURIS Spix (Vol. x, p. 95). Mr. S. Pace, in Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 151, has described and figured the anatomy of A. aurissciuri, a species of the section EudoUchotis. A. ICTEROSTOMA (von Martens). Shell perforate, subglobose-conic, rather solid, striatulate, yellowish- white, ornamented with repeated pale brown, waved streaks, and three narrow violet-brown spiral bands. Whorls 5^, rather convex, the first smooth, white, the last rather swollen, rounded, more dis- tinctly rib-striate towards the base. Aperture ear-shaped, the per- istome reflexed, bright yellow, outer lip narrow above, widely ex- panded below ; basal margin rounded, with a tooth-like callus at the insertion of the columellar margin, the latter being twisted inwardly, broadly and triangularly expanded outwardly ; parietal wall covered AURIS. 133 with a very thin callus, not modifying the external coloring. Throat pallidly showing the streaks and bands through. Length 35, diam. 23, aperture including peristome 22 long, 19 wide; excluding per- istome 16x10^ mill. (v. Mart.) Eastern Peru : Valley of the Urubamba, one of the upper tribu- taries of the Amazon. (Staudinger.) Bulimus icterostomus v. MART., Nachr. d. D. Malak. Ges., xxxiii, p. 149 (October, 1901). " This handsome species agrees well with B. melastomus Swains., in the structure of the aperture, the general contour, and partially in the coloring, and might at first sight be taken for a small, yellow- mouthed variety of that species ; but the absence of sculpture on the upper whorls, the total want of black at the aperture, and the geo- graphic separation, all tell against such a view. B. melastomus with its varieties occurs to my knowledge only in the provinces of Bahia and Illheos." (v. Martens). A. GLABRA (Gmel.). Vol. x, p. 114. Figured as Bulla s. Valuta auris Judce by MEUSCHEN in Gronovius' Zoophylacium iii, expl. of pi. v, pi. 18, f. 12 (1781). Subgenus GONYOSTOMUS Beck. A. TORNIX (Gould). PI. 18, figs. 53, 54, 55. Shell deeply rimate, long-ovate, copiously blotched and marbled with white and brown on a pale ground, the white blotches somewhat arranged in spiral bands, the brown forming interrupted wide longi- tudinal streaks. Surface slightly glossy, closely plicatulate longi- tudinally, the wrinkles cut into granules by spiral impressed lines; the granulation much more conspicuous below the suture and at the base. Spire conic, the apex very obtuse, as though truncate. Whorls nearly 5, convex, the last rather swollen, full and convex beneath. Aperture oblong, vertical, variegated within ; peristome narrowly expanded and reflexed, orange colored. Columella with an oblique, straight fold within. Length 48, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. Brazil : Organ Mts. (Gld.); Serra da Bocaina, prov. S. Paulo (von Ihering). Bulimus turnix GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1846, p. 101 ; Otia, p. 199 PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 315 ; iv, 395. 134 XKNOTHAUMA. The variegated color-pattern di tiers from that of A. multicolor in detail. The sculpture shows A. turnix to be related to A. hybridus, a species with carinate base. The specimen described was received from Dr. v. Ihering. Gould's type measured: length 2^, diam. l^oX^o, aperture Ii 3 (j inches, (about 55 mill, long, 27-| wide, with the aperture 32^ mill. long). Gould describes the lip as strongly re vo- lute and roseate. A specimen in the American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York (No. 5148a), measures: length 50, diam. 27i, longest axis of aperture 32^ mill. The lip is rather broadly reflexed and white. Cuticle yellow, showing the usual brown and white markings (fig. 53). It is from the Organ Mts. Genus XENOTHAUMA Fulton, 1896. FULTON, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (vi), xviii, p. 102 (July, 1896). CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1898, p. 205. Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed and keeled, heliciform, chalky, opaque and spirally striate, the nepionic whorl projecting, sculptured with much-dislocated vermiculate wrinkles; last whorl deeply de- scending, free in front, the aperture subhorizontal with continuous, broadly flaring peristome, reflexed below. An extraordinary form, the position of which can be settled only by investigation of the soft anatomy. Mr. Fulton thought it might be near Epiphragmophora. Crosse also considered it a " Helix," which he would group with //. reentsi Phil. (Platybostryx). In my opinion Xenothaurna is Bulimulid, and has been modified from the Peruvian group of Scutalus of which B. baroni, B. steerei, etc., are typical members. It is parallel with, but not related to, Platybostryx, which has diverged from the Chilian Lissoacme type ot Bulimuhis. X. BAUONI (Fulton). PL 24, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Shell depressed, lens-shaped, orbicular in circumference, acutely cariimte, with a wide, conic umbilicus ; calcareous, lustreless, rusty brown. Sculpture of numerous narrow and rather acute spiral cords running over rough, irregular growth-striae, the cords larger beneath. Whorls 4^, the first one projecting, the earlier If forming a wrinkled nepionic shell ; subsequent whorls but slightly convex, the last pinched out in a compressed, thin peripheral keel, deeply descending and becoming free in front, convex beneath, carinate around the BULIMULUS. 135 umbilicus. Aperture subhorizontal, rounded-triangular, brownish inside ; peristome broadly flaring, continuous, pale at the edge, brown within, the basal and columellar margins reflexed, a deep, narrow groove entering from the position of the keel. Alt. 12, diam. 30 mill. (type). Alt. 11, diam. 28 mill. Peru : Rio Tonan, at 4000 ft. elevation (C. T. Baron). Helix (Xenothauma) baroni FULT., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 101 (July, 1896); xx, pi. 6, f. 7, 7a (Aug., 1897). CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. xlvi, 1898, p. 206, pi. 10, f. 1. The. general resemblance of this species to the Madeiran Geomitra delphinula Lwe., and the European and North African Helix gual- teriana L., viola Ponsonby, and sultana Morelet, has been com- mented on by Mr. Fulton. In South America it has most resem- blance to Bulimulus (Platybostryx) eremothauma Pils., as Crosse has remarked. Genus BULIMULUS Leach. Section Peronseus Alb. B. BAEBI (Dautzenberg). PL 48, figs. 41, 42. Shell rather solid, lengthened, turreted, narrowly rimate. Whorls 11, little convex, separated by an impressed suture, the first smooth, the rest ornamented with oblique longitudinal riblets, more irregular and lower on the last whorl. Aperture small, the margins hardly converging. Columella a little straightened, slightly reflexed ; outer lip simple, acute. Color blue-white, marked with very irregular brown longitudinal streaks, the upper whorls corneous and subtrans- lucent ; umbilical chink bordered with brown; peristome white, the columella brown tinted, throat fulvous. Length 14^, width 3^ mill.; aperture 3^ mill, long, 2^ wide (Dautz.) Peru : locos (M. Baer). Peronaeus baeri DAUTZ., Journ. de Conchyl. xlix, p. 131 (July, 1901); p. 214, pi. 8, f. 3, 4. B. IOCO9EN813 (Dautzenberg). PL 48, figs. 43, 44. Shell not very solid, long-turreted, shortly and very narrowly rim- ate, the spire with attenuated apex. Whorls 11, little convex, sepa- rated by an impressed suture, the first smooth, the rest ornamented with longitudinal, arcuate, irregular, remote, waved and granulose 13<> BULIMl'I.US. ribs. Aperture small, its margins scarcely converging. Columella straight and a little reflexed ; lip simple and acute. Color pale ful- vous, irregularly ornamented with brownish longitudinal spots and streaks; becoming blackish towards the apex. Length 13, width 3 mill. ; aperture 3 mill, high, 2 wide (Dautz). Peru : locos (Baer). Peronaeus iocosensis DAUTZ., J. de C. xlix, p. 131 (July, 1901); p. 2 13, "pi. 8, f. 1, 2. Section Ataxiis (Vol. x, p. 130). B. MONIEZI Dautzenberg. PI. 23, figs. 98, 99, 1, 2. Shell not very solid, rather shining, broadly and deeply umbili- cate. Spire long-conic, attenuated towards the apex. Whorls 9-11, slightlyjconvex, separated by impressed sutures ; the first 2 whorls smooth, the rest longitudinally, obliquely, elegantly costulate, there being about 35 riblets on the penultimate whorl. Last whorl be- coming more or less free towards the aperture. Umbilicus pervious, acutely margined. Aperture long-ovate, subangulate above and below, compressed on both sides ; peristome continuous, acutely margined, the inner lip a little reflexed. Color whitish ornamented with two brown bands; apex violet-brown. Length 14, width 6-5-", aperture 4 mill, high, 2^ wide (Dautz). Andean region of Peru. Bulimidus (Bostryx] moniezi DAUTZENB., Journ. de Conchyl. 1896, p. 224, pi. 7, f. 3. A color-form albescens (figs. 98, 99) is whitish without bands, but retaining the dark apex. It varies in the degree to which the last whorl becomes free. B. holostoma Pfr. is a smaller shell, with more deeply constricting sutures and short aperture. B. moniezi seems closely related to B. tubulalus Morel, (vol. x, p. 132). Section Lissoacme Pils. (Vol. x, p. 154). B. DEPSTUS (Reeve). PI. 23, figs. 94, 95, 96. Vol. 10, p. 181. The original type of this species was a small dark-colored specimen. A large series collected by Prof. Steere and others taken at Cajabamba, Peru, by Baron, show that the species I defined as B.flagellatus (Manual x, p. 166) is an elongated form of the same species. BULIMULUS. 137 It varies widely in color and shape, as the figures here given show; but always has conspicuously convex whorls. The interior and colu- mella may be purplish-brown, ochre, or rarely white. Specimens measure: Length 2H, diam. 12 mill.; 22^, 10; 24, 9^ mill. A series of 7 shells labeled " Titicaca (A. Agassizj," are white or with but few streaks, otherwise agreeing completely with those from Balsas. B. EXORNATUS (Reeve). Vol. x, p. 171. Ancey reports specimens from the Andes of Bolivia east of Lake Titicaca., in the Province of La Paz (Le Nat., 1901, p. 93). B. NIGROPILEATUS (Reeve). PI. 23, figs. 86-92. Vol. x, p. 182. The type was a rather small specimen with black apex and a subperipheral interrupted band. A wide range of varia- tion is shown in a large series taken by Baron at Cajabamba, Peru (8000 ft. elev.), and others collected by Steere, exact locality not noted. The shell may be either white, uniform or with an interrupted or continuous belt below the periphery, or have additional bands and lines, or there may be brown streaks in addition to the spiral bands, or streaks only may be present. In any of the patterns the apex varies from intense black to pale brown, corneous or translucent white. The whorls are much less convex than in B. depstus. The interior and columella vary from fleshy-brown to a fleshy-ochre tint, and are rarely almost white. Figs. 86, 87, 88, 92 are specimens from Caja- bamba ; figs. 89, 90, 91 from the Steere collection. B. stenacme Pfr. (Vol. x, p. 182) seems to me to be merely a form of nigropileatus. An unusually long specimen from Cajabamba is illustrated, pi. 23, fig. 93. B. radiatns Morelet (not Brug.; renamed B, angrandianus Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1897, p. 19), B. orophilus and B. balsanus of Morelet, and B. reconditus Reeve, do not seem to differ materially from B. nigropileatus, and probably are merely local variations of a wide-spread species. B. SIMPLICULUS (Pfr.). Vol. x, p. 176. Specimens received from Messrs. Sowerby & Fulton under this name do not differ from pruinosus Sowb. Pfeiffer's type has not 138 BUUMULUS. been figured, but the description otters little to differentiate it from pruinosus except the somewhat greater size. B. DENDRITIS Morel., vol. x, p. 186, is probably a Drymseus. B. VENTANENSIS Pils. Vol. X, p. 189. This is evidently close to some forms of B, mendozanus, but it does not seem to be identical, so far as I can tell from the published descriptions. B. APODEMETES (Orbigny). Vol. x, p. 187. Dr. Borelli collected this species at Tala, prov. Salta, Argentina; San Lorenzo, Prov. Jujuy, and Caiza, in the Chaco, Bolivia (Ancey, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, xii, No. 309, pp. 5, 14). B. HELOICUS (Orb.). Vol. x, p. 193. The original locality was the Mission de Bibosi, Prov. Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Ancey reports a variety from San Lorenzo, in the Province of Jujuy (Dr. Borelli). He compares it with B. sporadicus (Ancey, 1. c. p. 15). The same author states that B. heloicus is abundant around Guale- guaychu, Province of Entre-rios, Argentina (collected by L. De Vries). It is evidently closely related to B. sporadicus, and may only with difficulty be distinguished from some of the varieties of that species. It varies in form, size and color, usually being grayish white with some more or less distinct brown streaks; sometimes it is entirely of a dark reddish-brown color (var. fused). The propor- tions of aperture and spire vary with the shape, which may be more or less swollen; specimens measuring: Length 23, diam. 11, length of aperture 12^ mill. Length 31, diam. 13, length of aperture 13^ mill. Length 25-|, diam. 13|, length of aperture 13 mill. The last specimen is the most swollen of all. It has 7^ whorls. The sculpture of the nucleus does not differ from that of B. sporadi- cus. (Ancey, Le Naturaliste, April 1, 1901, p. 82.) B. DELUMBIS Reeve. PI. 25, fig. 15. Shell perforate, globose-conic, rather solid, rugulose-striate, little shining; white, ornamented with longitudinal chestnut lines inter- rupted somewhat into bands. Spire conic, a little acute. Whorls 6, BUL1MULUS. 139 convex, the last about as long as the spire, inflated. Columella somewhat straightened ; aperture a little oblique, sinuate-oval ; per- istome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin noticeably dilated to the base, vaulted, reflexed. Length 21, diam. 12^ mill.; aperture 12 mill, long, 6^ wide (PJr.). Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). BuUmus delumbis RVE., Conch. Icon. pi. 76, f. 555 (August, 1849) PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 418; iv, 477; vi, 124. " Very delicately tinged with orange and purple-violet in the aper- ture " (Rve.~) B. TURRITELLATU9 (Beck). Vol. X, p. 193. Reported from Matto Grosso Province, Brazil, by Ancey, collected by Germain and H. H. Smith. It is said by Mr. Ancey to be quite variable. The shell, usually grayish-white with darker streaks in the direction of growth lines, and irregularly placed, is sometimes ochre-brown with the streaks more or less distinct. Var. pliculosa Ancey. Shell ovate-attenuate, openly and rather widely perforate, somewhat thin, whitish-buff, ornamented with narrow streaks in the direction of growth-lines, somewhat glossy, closely and somewhat irregularly pliculose. Spire ovate-tapering, rather acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last ovate ; suture moderate. Peristome expanded throughout, more dilated at the columella. Length 27, diam. 14^, length of aperture 13^ mill. S. W. Brazil: Matto-Grosso (Germain). Bulimulus turritella Orb., var. pliculosa Ancey Le Naturaliste, Apr. 15, 1901, p. 92. B. PERVIUS Pfeiffer. Shell umbilicate, obliquely ovate-conic, rather solid, wrinkle- striate, opaque, white. Spire conic, rather acute ; suture profound. Whorls 6^, convex, the last slightly exceeding the spire, somewhat obliquely produced basully, subcompressed around the narrow but pervious umbilicus. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture oblique, oval, rounded at base ; peristome simple, the margins approximating, right margin a little expanded, columellar margin much dilated, slightly reflexed. Alt. 24, diam. 12 mill.; aperture, with peristome, 14 mill, long, 9 wide (Pfr.}. Habitat unknown. BuUmus pewius PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 50 ; Monogr. iii, p. 651. 140 BULIMULUS. Subgenus PLECTOSTYLUS (Vol. xi, p. 2.). B. BRODERIPII var. ELONGATUS Orb. This name was proposed by d'Orbigny (Voyage, p. 266) for narrower specimens of smaller size than broderipii, length 30, width 17 mill., taken by him at Cobija. Subgenus SCUTALUS Alb. (Vol. xi, p. 12). B. PROTEUS (Brod.). Vol. xi, p. 13. Add to references : Bulimus proteus SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p. 152 (anatomy); Bnlimulus proteus STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 58, pi. 13, f. 2; pi. 14, f. 3a-g ; pi. 16, f. 1 (anatomy). [Probably not B. proteus W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., ix, p. 37, nor Scutalus proteus W. G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 123, = Neopetrtzus rhodo- larynxf~\. Scutalus rhodolarynx W. G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 123, pi. 12, f. D. Mr. Binney may have had his preparations of the radula of this species and a Neopetr&us transposed. See foot of p. 171, vol. xi. B. VERSICOI.OR (Brod.). Vol. xi, p. 16. Add to references: Bulimulus versicolor STREBEL, op. cit. p. 59, pi. 13, f. 4; pi. 14, f. 4a-e ; pi. 16, f. 2 (anatomy). B. MERCURIUS Pfeiffer. Vol. viii, p. 50, pi. 10, f. 12, 13. This species is said by Dr. von Mollendorff to be no Cochlostyla, and he suggests that it may be a South American Bulimus. I know of none at all resembling it, though I quite agree with him in deny- ing the propriety of including it in Prochilus or any Philippine group. B. STEEREI Pilsbry. PI. 18, figs. 50, 51, 52. Shell umbilicate and broadly rimate, ovate-conic, with straight- sided spire and convex last whorl, the base angular around a large umbilical excavation; solid and strong, opaque soiled white, with indistinct brown stains in most specimens, and usually an indistinct, whiter girdle at the periphery, the apex white. Surface lustreless, finely wrinkled longitudinally, and densely granose in spiral series, as in B. proteus and B.montezuma; the granules small but strongly expressed. Apex obtuse, earlier \\ whorls strongly vermiculate- wrinkled, the wrinkles anastomosing and largely transformed into a BULIMULUS. 141 netted pattern. Sutures not impressed, being filled by the peripheral keel of the young shell. Whorls 2 Bri.IMl'l.l S, NKOI-'K TH.Kt S. 1,700 to 2,000 feet. The form named cinereus by Reibisch was ob- tained at Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island, and the variety acutus Reibisch, at a height of 3,000 feet, near Tagus Cove, Aloemarle Island. The species is usually found under flat pieces of rock, and a large proportion of the specimens are dead." (Dall, 1. c., p. 91.) Notes on new localities for known species follow : B. DUNCANUS Ball (p. 114). Specimens were taken on Duncan Island. "As in previous cases, all the specimens were dead, and those collected were not quite mature, as the parietal denticle had appeared in none of them. The species is probably extinct." B. ESCHARIFERUS Sowerby (p. 108). Chatham and Barrington Islands, Snodgrass and Heller. This species had not been found at Barrington previously. B. TANNERI Dall (p. 113). Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island (Snod- grass and Heller). This species was previously known from Inde- fatigable Island. The present specimens are not fully grown, and do not show the broadly reflected lip. B. INDEFATIGABILIS Dall. (Vol. xi, p. 123, pi. 24, f. 49.) This name is proposed for the hitherto nameless new species fig- ured by Dall in 1896. Section ORTHOTOMIUM C. & F. B. DEALBATUS (Say). Vol. xi, p. 128. Monterey, state of Neuvo Leon, Mexico (S. N. Rhoads). Large specimens of B. d. schiedennus occurred at Saltillo, Coahuila, Mex. B. ALTERNATUS (Say). Vol. xi, p. 134. Monterey, state of Neuvo Leon, Mexico (S. N. Rhoads). B. SUFFLATUS (Gld.). Vol. xi, p. 136. Add reference: Mornius siifflatus GLL>., W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 123 (jaw and teeth). Genus NEOPETR.EUS Martens (Vol. xi. p. 163). The typical forms of this genus have very characteristic apical sculpture, but in some species referred here, this sculpture is want- ing, the apex being smooth. A knowledge of the soft anatomy is NKOI'KTH.Kl'S. I f)."i necessary to decide whether all these are forms of Neopetrcsus in which the apical sculpture has degenerated, or whether they really belong to other groups. In N. lobbi, N. decussatus and N. myristicus a gradual loss of the apical sculpture can be traced, demonstrating that in some forms of Neopetrccus a smooth apex has been acquired secondarily. N. rhodolarynx (Reeve), vol. xi, p. 171, has a smooth nepionic shell, like that of Lnsoncmc. Its position is uncertain. B. barovi Fult. (vol. xi, p. 172) has the apical sculpture typical of Scntatus, and should be removed from Neopetrtzus. N. AKH^RIFEKUS Pils. Vol. xi, p. 175. A clear pinkish specimen, without streaks, is in coll. American Museum of Natural History, New York. N. PLATYSTOMUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 81, 82. Vol. xi, p. 172. Specimens from Vina, Peru, are here figured. They are cream-white with a fleshy tint, irregularly marked with ochre and purplish-brown streaks, the peristome white at the edge, purple or purple-brown within, the interior cream-tinted. The apex has the form and sculpture of that of N. atahualpa. Umbilicus very ample in the wider specimens, compressed in the narrower. Length 40, diam. 21^, longest axis of aperture 21 mill. Length 40, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 18^ mill. N. PATASENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 79, 80. Vol. xi, p. 176. Two specimens, apparently referable to this species, are figured. The general pattern of coloring is essentially like altoperuvianus and decussatus. On the latter part of the last whorl there are bold purple-brown markings, or the peculiar pattern may be replaced by coalescent purplish-black streaks. Apical whorls as in N. atahualpa, but somewhat more rounded. N. LOBBI (Reeve). PI. 22, figs. 83, 84, 85. Vol. xi, p. 177. Three specimens collected by Prof. Steere are figured to show the leading stages in the loss of color-stripes. Fig. 83 has the typical coloration. In Fig. 84 the stripes are obsolete above the periphery, except for occasional dots along the suture on the last three whorls. In Fig. 85 there are no stripes whatever on the blue-white surface, only the subsutural dots remaining. 154 OXYCIIONA, DRYM^EUS. The apical sculpture is very shallow, in some specimens not easily seen, or subobsolete. N. DECUSSATUS (Reeve). Vol. xi, p. 178. Typical specimens from Cajabamba, with the color-pattern and proportions of Reeve's figure, have the apex smooth and glossy, sometimes showing faintly the characteristic Neopetrceus pattern of sculpture in places. N. myristicus (Rve.) from the same locality has a similar apex, faintly showing the sculpture. I think it will prove to be a form of dfcussatus, with which it agrees completely in all but color-pattern. Genus OXYCHONA Mdrch. O. BIFASCIATA (Burrow). Vol. xi, p. 181. Var. mimarum Ancey. Shell smaller and more elevated than the type, weaker. -Spire perfectly conic, the apex of the same color ; whorls 6|, flat, the last flatly sloping, the base more flattened, en- circled below the carina with two small brown lines. Aperture with the upper margin straightly descending, hardly sinuous, angulate but hardly produced in a beak ; the basal margin almost rectilinear be- yond the angle, then forming an obtuse angle with the columellar lip, the latter thickened and sloping. Peristome black-brown, the parietal part whitish, slightly tinted with brown at the insertions. Length 15^, diam. 15 mil!. (Ancey, Le Nat. 1901, p. 93). Brazil : Prov. Minas Geraet. Genus DRYM^EUS Albers. D. ABYSSORUM (Orb.). Vol. xi, p. 192. San Lorenzo, prov. Jujuy, Argentina (Dr. Borelli). Mr. Ancey (Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, xii, no. 309, p. 12) con- siders abyssorum, hygrohyl&us arid marmaritius of d'Orbigny to be variations of one species. D. FUSOIDES (Orb.). Vol. xi, p. 201. Ancey reports it from Santa Cruz de la Sierra (P. Germain); the specimens being entirely ochre yellow, with some irregular brown flammules. The aperture is violaceous inside (Le Nat. 1901, p. 93). D. PEELII (Reeve). PI. 25, fig. 22. Vol. xi, p. 205. D. fordii, p. 205, ia closely related to this species, differing chiefly in the more strongly spiral columella, and DKYM.EUS. 155 in having a whorl less. As usual in Dryinfeus, the coloration varies a good deal in peelii, a specimen with but few markings being illus- trated here. D. COGNATUS n. sp. PI. 23, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Shell fusiform, thin, white with corneous or purplish wavy longi- tudinal streaks or bands dotted with white, often combined with three dark girdles, continuous or interrupted, and also white-dotted. Spire long and slender, the first H whorls with typical Drymaus sculpture, succeeding whorls somewhat glossy, marked with slight growth-lines and faint spiral incised striae. Whorls 6^ to 7, slightly convex. Aperture vertical, ovate, showing the external color-pattern vividly within, the peristome thin, broadly expanded, subreflexed, white, usually tinted with lilac within ; columellar margin broadly dilated above, over an ample arid deep umbilical fissure ; columella entering as a very strongly spiral fold. Length 45, diarn. 18^, longest axis of aperture 2l mill. Length 39, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 19^ mill. Length 33, diam. 14. longest axis of aperture 16^ mill. Colombia : Bogota. This species is closely related to D. zoogeoyraphicus Orb. and D. membielinus Crosse, but seems distinct from both. The figures show sufficiently its wide range of variation in color and size. In some specimens there are no purple-black markings, while in others these replace to a large extent the corneous brown portions of the pattern of paler shells. D. KXPANSUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 25, figs. 25-29. Vol. xi, p. 222. This species has a wide range of variation, as shown by an extensive series collected by Prof. Steere at Tarapoto, Peru. It undoubtedly includes D. scitus and D. protractus as var- ieties. At Tarapoto specimens similar to pi. 34, f. 5 of vol. xi, oc- curred with typical var. aurisratti, and a smaller form, pi. 25, figs. 25, 26. At another locality, unfortunately not noted, the specimens are all small, varying from almost typical expanses contour to a much narrower form with reduced umbilical chink ; white with inconspic- uous corneous streaks, or copiously marked, the apex black ; lilac tint within the mouth almost invisible, faint, or strong (pi. 25, figs. 27, 28, 29). I have called this form var. subprotractus. 156 DRYM^EUS. Var. perenensis Da Costa (pi. 48, rig. 54). Shell compressed- umbilicate, ovate-pyramidal, covered with longitudinal close riblets ; whitish, variegated with arrow-shaped bands. Whorls 6^, convex, the penultimate more swollen than the others. Columella twisted, receding. Aperture ample, inverted ear-shaped, lilac within ; per- istome white, expanded and reflexed, a little squared at the base. Length 46, diam. 23, length of apert. 22, width 17 mill. (Da Costa, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, 239, pi. 24, f. 5.) According to Mr. Da Costa this form invariably has a less expanded lip than typical expansus, the body-whorl is less ventricose, while the upper ones are much more swollen ; the rnaculation is also more pronounced and of a darker color, while the umbilicus is much more contracted and not so deep as in the type. The penultimate whorl is more swollen than in var. aurisratti Phil., which resembles perenensis in color and sculpture. D. SUBVENTRICOSDS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 48. Shell acuminate-oblong, umbilicate, rather thin, whitish, violaceous brown. Whorls 7, subventricose, with impressed sutures, longi- tudinally rudely elevate-striate. Aperture ovate, purplish inside, exceeding two-fifths the total length ; peristome acute, a little re- flexed, white-margined ; columella slightly reflexed. Length 30, diam. 14; aperture, length 13, width 8 mill. (Da Costa.) Colombia : Bogota. D. subventricosus Da C., 1. c., p. 239, pi. 24, f. 4 (Oct. 1901). D. EXOTICUS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 52. Shell ovate-conic, scarcely umbilicate, rather thin, smooth, glossy, whitish, longitudinally streaked and maculate with violaceous-brown. Whorls 6, somewhat swollen, the sutures impressed. Aperture ample, about one-half the total length, streaked with violaceous within ; peristome acute and reflexed, columella dilated, reflexed. Length 23.5, diam. 11 ; length of aperture 11, width 7.5 mill. (Da Costa.) Colombia: The hot country, upper Magdalena River. D. exolicus Da C., 1. c., p. 239, pi. 24, f. 10 (Oct. 1901). D. ELSTERI Da Costa. PI. 48 fig. 53. Shell oblong-turreted, imperforate, a little solid, rather smooth, very minutely striated under the lens; whitish, with reddish streaks DRYM.EL'S. 157 bent in zigzag, and dotted with white. Spire long conic. Whorls fi, moderately convex, the last obliquely produced. Columella straight, roseate. Aperture oblong-oval, lilac colored within ; per- istome roseate, dilated, the right margin expanded. Length 34, diam. 15 ; aperture length 18, width 9 mill. (Da Costa.*) Peru : Chachapoyas, prov. Amazonas. D. ehteri Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv. p. 238, pi. 24, f. 6 (Oct. 1901). " An unnamed example of this species is in the Cuming collection in the British Museum. The writer received a few specimens from the Governor of the Province of Amazonas, through the instru- mentality of his friend Mr. Elster of Lima (since deceased), after whom the species is named. The shells from which the type is se- lected vary considerably in both form and coloration, and will be found to resemble many of the species of Drymseus from Colombia, which latter are generally, however, deeply umbilicated." (Da Costa.) D. OBLIQUISTRIATUS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 45. Shell pyramidal-oblong, umbilicate ; sutures impressed ; olivace- ous-brown, sparsely marked here and there with brown streaks ; delicately and very closely obliquely striate. Spire acuminate. Whorls 8, convex. Aperture oblong, intensely black-brown inside, about three-sevenths the length of the shell ; lip simple, columella nearly straight, reflexed. Length 30, diam. 12; aperture length 12, width 6 mill. (Da Costa). Peru : San Pablo. D. obUquistriatus Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 238, pi. 24, f. 2 (Oct., 1901). D. CYLINDRICUS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 46. Shell subcylindrically turreted, narrowly perforate, rather solid, obliquely subrugosely striate ; dull rose-corneous, covered with a thin brown cuticle; apex subpapillar ; suture impressed. Whorls 7^, very little convex. Aperture oblique, about two fifths the length of the shell, a little tapering at base ; peristome simple, the columella a little reflexed. Length 30, diam. 11; aperture, length 12, width 5 mill. (Da Costa). IVru : San P, but the bands more or less widened and confluent. G (fusca), uniform brown by widening and union of the bands, except for a white sutural line. These forms occur both dextral and sinistral (MUdff.). Subsp. insularis Mlldff. Smaller, thinner-shelled, with the con- tour of pachychihis. Island Bai-min, near Nha-trang. The forms are less numerous than in the type or subsp. pachychihis, but this may be due to the smaller number of specimens taken, which includes pure white and banded white, banded yellow and nearly uniform brown specimens, representing the form G. (Mlldff.). A. INVERSUS snbsp. ROSEOTINCTUS Mlldff. (Vol. xiii, pp. 169, 237). Dr. von Mollendorff states that the characters of this race are quite constant in more than 100 specimens examined from Fischaya. It apparently deserves recognition as a separate race locally differ- entiated from the annamiticus stock. (Nachbl. 1901, p. 50). A. H^EMATOSTOMA Mlldff. (Vol. xiii, p. 182). This unfigured species belongs to the group of A. mouhoti, its nearest relatives being smithi Fult. and cruentatus Morel., according to Mollendorff, Nachrbl. 1901, 50. A. XIENGENSIS Morlet. Vol. xiii, p. 194. Mr. H. Fischer (Journ. de Conchyl. xlix, 1901, p. 156, foot-note no. 1) proposes to emend this name to correspond with the present orthography of the original locality Xieng-Sen, making it A. xieng- sensis. Such changes seem of doubtful utility. Genus ODONTOSTOMUS. Dr. A. Doering has given an artificial key to the species of 170 ODONTOSTOMUS. Odontostomus in the Periodico Zoologico, vol. 1, part 3, pp. 172-180. O. GEMELLATUS Ancey, n. sp. " Shell oblong-tapering, rather solid, ashen-whitish, obliquely rimate, obliquely costulate except at the apex. Spire oblong, the sides a little convex, apex obtuse, sculptured as in 0. pupoides. Whorls 7^, a little convex, regularly increasing, separated by a moderate suture, the last whorl oblong, very shortly ascending at the aperture. Aperture nearly vertical, truncate-oval, ringent, obstructed by teeth or folds as follows : Two on the parietal wall, one large, elongated, prominent, situated near the posterior angle, the other smaller and more deeply placed, at the base of the larger one, and in the middle of the parietal wall ; a large, twisted, sub- quadrate and tongue-shaped tooth on the columella ; two subequal, rather small and acute basal teeth ; and within the outer lip there are three teeth, the lower strong, twisted, opposite the columellar lamella, the others rather small and acute. Peristome thickened and dilated, expanded, white, the margins distant ; marked with brown on each side of the bases of the teeth upon the outer lip. Length 20, diam. 7|, alt. apert. 7^ mill." (Ancey). Goyaz, central Brazil. " Of the size and shape of 0. pupoides, but strongly and regularly sculptured. The teeth also are dissimilar " (Ancey). O. TUDICULATUS (Martens). PI. 26, figs. 40, 41, 42. This vol., p. 55. Fig. 40 represents a specimen from Taguara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, collected by Dr. von Ihering in 1881, and determined by Prof, von Martens. It measures, length 21^, diam. 6, length of aperture 7 mill.; whorls nearly 8. Other specimens from Bahuru, Sao Paulo (no. 1279 coll. Mus. Paulista), received from von Ihering, differs in having the spire somewhat more attenuated, and the teeth within the outer lip more or less deficient. In the specimen represented in fig. 41 there are upper and lower palatal folds and the faint trace of a suprapalatal. In that shown in fig. 42 only the upper palatal is developed, and that but weakly, though close inspection with a lens shows very slight vestiges of basal and suprapalatal folds. The basal carina is reduced. Except by their small size, there is little or nothing to separate such specimens from 0. janeirensis var. miliola. BULIMULID^E. 171 It is obvious that 0. miliola, fusiformis and tudiculatus are very closely linked together, and probably will prove but stages in an un- interrupted series of variations. All have the same sculpture, a net- work of cream-white wrinkles on a darker ground. For the present, tudiculatus may be distinguished by its more slender contour and less broadly expanded outer lip. O. PATAGONICUS (Orb.). PI. 20, fig. 44. See this vol., p. 95. A specimen from Carmen de Patagones, near the mouth of the Rio Negro, Patagonia, received from Dr. H. von Ihering, shows better developed teeth than those from the Sierra Ventana. The shell is rather calcareous, suffused with a livid flesh tint, and stained with blackish-blue above. The parietal lamella is perceptibly bifid outwardly, and with the columellar lamella and upper palatal fold, is well developed. There is a small basal fold, but no trace of lower palatal or suprapalatal folds, or of a transverse barrier within. The throat is ochre colored. The apex has rather strong, very close and almost straight riblets. Length 19^, diam. 10 mill. It will be noticed that the locality of these specimens is far south of the limits assigned by Do'ring, who thought the species did not extend southwest to the Rio Colorado. Undetermined Bulimulida;. Bulimus Jragilis Lam. (An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 123; Delessert, Rec. de Coq. pi. 28, f. 2), described as British, is apparently one of the thin whitish tropical American species, such as Drymceus strarn- ineus, liliaceus, virginalis, or their allies. It cannot be identified without comparison of the type. The locality assigned by Lamarck was due to his identification of it with Helix fragilis Montagu = Limnaa stagnalis. Hdix (Cochlogena) ovum Fer., Prodr. p. 54, no. 409, Bulimus ovum Beck, Index, p. 52, nude name. Bulimus apicinus Menke. Shell ovate-acute, subperforate, the apex rufous. Length 9 lines (Me>ike, Verzeich. Conch. Samml. Malsburg, 1829, p. 6). Bulimus ponderosus Christofori & Jan. Shell ovate, ventricose, perforate, milk white ; aperture ample, ovate ; peristome witli the columellar lip reflexed. Length 1 inch, diam. 7 lines, aperture 6 172 BULIMULID^E. lines long, 4 wide. Peru. (C. > J., Cntalogus, sect, ii, pt. 1, Man- tissa, p. 3, 1832; Pfr., Monogr. ii, 89). According to Pfeiffer, a specimen in Gruner's collection to which Ziegler had attached this name agrees well with the description, and is very similar to B. nu- cleus. It looks like a fossil shell. Bulimus versicolor Cristofori & Jan. Shell oblong, ovate, sub- perforate, longitudinally striated, greenish-rufous, variegated with white spots. Aperture oval ; peristome reflexed, white. Length 1^ inches, diam. 10 lines ; aperture 1 inch long, 6 lines wide. Brazil. (Cristofori $ Jan, Catalogus, etc., Mantissa, p. 3, 1832); Pfr., Monogr. ii. p. 47. Not Bulinus versicolor Brod., see p. 16 of vol. x'u May be a Gonyostomus. Bulimus christiani Beck, Brazil, inter. (Index p. 52.) Bulimus grossus Beck, Brazil, inter. (Index p. 53.) Bulimus compressus Beck, Am. Merid. (Index p. 53.) Gonyostomus concolor Beck, Rep. Argent. (Index p. 53.) Bulimuhis chrysotrema Beck, Am. m. (Index p. 63.) Bulimulus figulinus Beck, Brazil, Bah. (Index p. 65.) Bulimuhis assumptionis Valenc., Beck, I. Assumption (Index p. 67.) Bulimuhis chiriguanus Beck, Bolivia (Index p. 68). All undescribed and unknown to later authors. Bulimus tennis Anton. " = ? B. corneus Desh. Very fragile, long ovate-conoidal ; 6 flat whorls, the last as long as all the rest; spire rather long; minutely longitudinally, and still more minutely transversely striated; unicolored horn-brown, lustrous. Apex shin- ing. Perforated. Aperture acutely ovate ; peristome sharp, the columella dilated partly over umbilicus. Alt. 8, diam. 3^ lines. Similar to B. collini Mich., but slenderer, the last whorl not swollen, having one whorl more, and a longer, narrower aperture " (Anton, Verzeichniss der Conchyl. in der Sammlung von II. E. Anton, p. 42, 1839). Habitat unknown. Bulinus lacticslor Sowerby. (Vol. xiii, PI. 45, fig. 29.) Known only by a dorsal view of the shell. This shows a decussated buff surface, rather produced, turreted spire, and apparently a narrowly expanded lip. Habitat and present location of type unknown. It maybe either a Lissoacme, typical Bulimuhis or a Drymseus ; and will probably defy certain identification. (Conch. Illustr. p. 48. Bulimus lacticolor Pfr.) Ancey (J. de C. 11)01 ) has identified witli BULIMULID.E. 173 as a species in his collection having the apical structure of Orthotom- ium. Bulimus ve^metus Anthony (cover of Haldeman's Monograph of Limniades, no. 3, July, 1841, BINNET, Terr. Moll. iv. p. 137, PFR., Monogr. vi, 153), said to be from Cincinnati, Ohio, is a lost species which American students have not been able to trace. Bidimns vaporeus Mousson. Sliell almost imperforate, ovate- globose, very thin and very fragile, costulate-striate and most min- utely subgranulate, diaphanous, pale corneous. Spire obtusely con- vex-conoid, the nucleus small, smooth ; suture impressed, very nar- rowly margined. Whorls 4^, the upper flatly convex, the last inflated, 'sloping above, rounded beneath, less striate on the dorsal line, but spirally lineate or subsulcate. Aperture slightly oblique (25 with the axis), angularly ovate, larg^,; peristome defective (un- expanded and acute?); the margins joined by a very thin parietal callus, right margin less curved above, then more so ; columellar margin vertical, elongate, reflexed and appressed above. Length 31, diam, 27 mill.; ratio of aperture 4.3; rat. whorls 3.2 (Mouss. Malak. Bl. xvi, 1869, p. 174 PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 180. South America (Wallis). Described from a single specimen with defective peristome and probably not adult. It is apparently a very young Strop ho cheilus. Bulinmlus proteli Moric., Peru, Paetel, Catal., 1883, p. 145. Bulimidus subsiictatus Mss., N. Granad., Paetel, Catal., 1873, p. 101. Bulimidus uber Mke., Amer. m., Paetel, Catal., 1873, p. 101. Bulimus baltovica Rv., Quito, Paetel, Catal., 1869, p. 80. Bidimuhis. Under the head "a new species of Bulimulus," a marine shell, Eulimella occidentalism was described by Hemphill, Zoe iv, p. 395. 174 CERION. Family CERIONIDxE. Characters those of the following genus. Genus CERION Bolten ' Morch, 1852. Cerion BOLTEN, Museum Boltenianum p. 90, 1798, in part, un- defined MOERCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 33, uva the first species (18.52). DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxv, no. 9, p. 120. PILSBRY & VANATTA Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896, pp. 315-329. Stro- phia ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 202. Not Strophia Meigen, 1832. Cochlodon SowERBY, Tankerville Catalogue, p. 40, 1825, in part. Shell solid, cretaceous, cylindric or ovate, conic above, rimate or perforate, composed of 8 to 13 compactly coiled whorls, the central axis slender, hollow above, usually solid below ; apex entire. Aperture ovate, vertical, the lip usually expanded or reflexed. A spiral columellar fold and a parietal tooth usually are present in recent species. Lung macroscopically plain except for the pulmonary vein. Kidney oblong, with large cavity, and excreting apparently by a secondary ureter. Genital system having a wide atrium, short penis with terminal retractor, the epiphcdlus entering near or below the middle of the penis sac. Vas deferens extremely long. Spermatheca on a long duct which bears a long diverticulum. A vaginal retractor arises from the right tentacular muscle. Free retractor muscles independent to their posterior ends except the right tentacular and tail retractors, which are shortly united. Jaw smooth. Teeth of the normal type in Holopoda, the ectocones developed. External anatomy as in Holopoda generally ; the labial processes well developed. Type 0. uva (L.). Distribution, the Antilles, near the sea. They live on bushes or other herbage, rarely retreating under stones. Cerion, from the Greek word kerion, honey-comb, alludes to the resemblance of the spire to an old-fashioned bee-hive. The genus Cerion, or as it is commonly known, Strophia, is one of the most characteristic forms of West Indian land-molluscan life. With two exceptions, the species are all insular ; C. incanum and C. antonii only, the former from the Florida Keys and perhaps the ad- jacent mainland, the latter reported to be from Guiana, are conti- nental. The Greater Antilles Cuba, Hayti and Porto Rico, with the Virgin Islands and the entire group of the Bahamas, are inhabited CERION. 175 by numerous species, with a multitude of local races. South of the larger islands named, if \ve include with Cuba the faunally depend- ent Cayman group and Isle of Pines, but one single species is found, C- uva, of Cura9ao, singularly isolated in characters as well as geo- graphically. Jamaica is without a species; and the genus also fails in the Caribbean chain. In the main, each species is confined to some single island, or to a series of adjacent keys or islets ; but there are numerous exceptions, where forms unquestionably conspecific are found on several islands separated by considerable distances. The species are subject to a remarkable range of individual and local variation. Thus many species vary from strongly and conspic- uously ribbed to entirely ribless and smooth. In fact this is a common variation, incontestably established by the series we have examined of Cerion dimidiatum, C. columna, (7. regind, C. uva., G. maritimum, C. sagraianum and many other species. Color is equally variable, pure white species varying to heavily brown-mottled, and this not in one, but in many of the species. Absolute size of adults is almost as mutable as in Gypraea ; and occasionally individuals are abnormally shortened by the premature assumption of the features of maturity, giving them a stunted appearance. All of these considerations render the study of the species one of unusual difficulty ; and the older authors, unacquainted with the Protean nature of the species, as with the usually restricted range of each, often failed to properly discriminate them. Thus the several volumes of Pfeiffer's Monographic!, Heliceorum Viventium are unreli- able in dealing with many species, especially in respect to geographic distribution. An American writer on natural history, Mr. C. J. Maynard, some years ago begun the study of this genus, and to his earliest publica- tion on the subject we owe the first clear statement of some facts of prime importance ; that the Cerions are excessively plastic, and locally modified into a considerable number of species and sub- species ; that the range of some of these forms is excessively limited; and that former authors had failed to discriminate many really dis- tinct species, "lumping" them under a few old names; and finally, that the aperture-armature, or " teeth " of the Cerions are variously arranged, and furnish ground for the division of the genus into sev- eral sub-genera. Mr. Maynard, moreover, has discovered and de- 176 CEKION. scribed a large number of most interesting species and varieties, so that His work on this genus has been an important one. However, he has unduly multiplied species and sub-species, basing them on characters we hold to be too slight and inconstant, and his work is marred by inaccuracies of all kinds. In 1896, Mr. Vanatta and the writer published a catalogue of the genus, embodying the results of both biologic and synonymic study. This catalogue has served as a basis for the present monograph, although further study with more material has modified some of the conclusions then reached, and has resulted in a grouping of the spe- cies believed to be more natural. The more striking peculiarities of Cerion, besides the pupiform, compact and calcareous shell, are (1) the low entrance of the epi- phallus into the penis, a feature I do not remember noticing in any other genus; (2) the excessively long free vas deferens ; (3) the diverticulum of the spermathecal duct (occurring also in Helix, Buli-minus, Clausilia); (4) the rather short, oblong kidney, with very extensive lumen. The external anatomy, teeth, jaw, and most other details present nothing unusual in ground-snails of the Holopod group. Cerion has been associated with the Pupidce by most authors, but there is little in the anatomy to justify such an association, while the pallial organs and genitalia show it to belong to a widely different group. General Anatomy of Cerion. The lung in C. mumia chrysalis is about three times as long as wide, traversed along the middle by a large pulmonary vein, with no large branches, the reticulation being quite invisible in an unstained, non-injected preparation. The kidney is about double the length of the pericardium, and has a very large cavity. The secondary ureter is not noticeably differentiated (pi. 47, fig. 30). In C.incana Leidy distinctly figured a branching reticulation of the lung anteriorly, and a secondary ureter ; whether correctly or not, only additional examination will show. The radula is normal in shape ; teeth 27, 1, 27 in C. m. chrysalis and (?. incanum, 30, 1, 30 in C. regium and C. abacoense. The central tooth is rather wide, the length of the basal plate sometimes exceeding, sometimes surpassed by the median cusp; side cusps well developed. The laterals have a long inner cusp, bifid beyond the CERION. 177 9th tooth, and a short outer cusp. The marginal teeth are short and wide, with two cusps (pi. 47, fig. 35, O. incanum ; fig. 36, C. columna, both after Binney). In G. regium, incanum and chrysalis, the basal plate of the central tooth is as short as the middle cusp ; in C. abacoense and C. columna it is longer. Semper (Reisen im Phil. Archip., p. 128) says that C. uva has 95 to 99 teeth in a row, all the teeth with several cusps. This is a third more teeth in a row than the other species examined, which have 55 to 60. The jaw (pi. 47, fig. 29, C. m. chrysalis) is rather strongly arcu- ate, solid, smooth, with a small median projection below. This pro- jection is said to be wanting in O. uva, but is present in other species examined. Free muscles (pi. 47, fig. 28, O. m. chrysalis). The left tentacu- lar and ocular retractor and the pharyngeal retractor are free almost throughout, being united with the columellar muscle at its proximal end only. The right tentacular and ocular retractor is united with the columellar muscle for a short distance, and distally it gives off a broad muscular band inserted on the vagina, functioning as a va-i- O ' O O nal retractor. The eye retracts between the branches of the geni- talia, as usual. The genital system (pi. 47, fig. 34, O. m. chrysalis) is of normal general proportions and position. The atrium is very capacious and contains a short, tongue-shaped fleshy appendage. The penis is stout below, tapering rapidly, with a long slender retractor muscle arising at its apex and inserted upon the lung- floor. Its inner walls are coarsely plicate longitudinally. Below the middle of the penis the epiphallus is inserted, entering between two fleshy lips. The epiphallus is glossy, moderately swollen, and passes into an exceed- ingly long, compactly coiled vas deferens (seen partially pulled out in the figure). The vagina is much shorter than the free oviduct. The spermatheca is oblong, on a long duct, which branches into a very long diverticulum, lying against the uterus (but pulled free in the figure). There is a strong vaginal retractor, given off from the right tentacular band, apparently a diverted anterior pedal retractor. In copulation the atrium and penis are everted (pi. 47, figs. 32, 33), the former forming a sort of hood over the latter. In C. m. chrysalis the spermatheca and duct are 19 mill, long, and the diverticulum 18 mill. 178 CERION. In C. incanum, dissected by Leidy, C. mumiola by Poey, and (X ytnnaense, by Vanatta, the penis retractor is short. In C. yutnaense no spermathecal diverticulum was found, but I think this was due to the very poor preservation of the specimen dissected. Young shells of this genus often have the aperture contracted by teeth, formed a short distance within the lip-edge, and subsequently absorbed in most cases. Two of these teeth are upon the parietal wall, two within the basal lip, and one upon the columella, the latter being the end of the continuous columellar plait, and present in the young of all species. In species having such teeth, when young, they are not present at all stages of growth, but only appear at intervals. In C. uva only one of the basal teeth is usually visible from the mouth, the other being added with subsequent growth, deep in the throat. They often persist in adult individuals in this species only. In C. copium (group of C. pannosum, Cayman Is.) there are two basal teeth, the outer smaller, and one tooth above, or none (pi. 47, fig. 31). In C. yutnaense a large series of young shows none with teeth ; nor are any present in specimens of C. y. sallei C. crassilalris examined, all belonging to the group of C. crassilabris. C. incanum sometimes has teeth, two above and two below, but most of the young shells examined have none. One young multicosta examined has no teeth. C. mumia has one basal and two upper teeth, or is without any. One young C. regina has a single rudimentary inner basal tooth, others being toothless. One specimen of C. glans (form agava) has a rudimentary basal tooth, others being toothless. In C. miller i (pi. 3G, fig. 47), four teeth are found. In a form of glans from Andros, Mr. Maynard found four teeth. No sufficient data exist for testing the value of the teeth of the young as an indication of affinities. Collectors should secure large series of young shells, as the subject is one of some interest. Whether these teeth are lingering vestiges of a former adult dentition, or are an adaptation pertaining to the young stages only> remains problem- atic. Certain forms of Holospira have a somewhat similar internal structure. CKKIOX. 179 Subdivisions of L'erion. I. Parietal lamella short, situated in the angle between the colu- mella and parietal wall ; axial lamella below it ; whorls very short. PI. 47, fig. 38. Subgenus CERIOX. II. Axial and parietal lamellas present, the latter near the middle of the parietal wall, simple and short, usually not penetrating over one-third of a whorl. PI. 47, figs. 37, 40. Subgenus STROPIIIOPS. III. Axial and parietal lamella present, the latter very long and doubled, or short and interrupted, with an accessory denticle ; rarely obsolete. PI. 47, fig. 39. Subgenus DIACERION. IV. Apdal and parietal lamella or teeth wanting. Subgenus EOSTROPHIA. NOTE Some forms of Diacerion in which the parietal armature is degenerate or incipient, have the structure of Strophiops. The species are herein classified in fifteen groups, as follows : Subgenus CERION (typical forms). 1. Group of C. uva. Curacao. Subganus STROPHIOPS Dall. 2. Group of C. pannosum. Little Cayman, CaymanjBrac. 3. Group of C. crassilabris. Species of Guiana. Species of St. Croix, Porto Rico and Haiti. Species of Grand Cayman. 4. Group of C. cyclostomum. Cuba. 5. Group of C. maritimum. Cuba. 6. Group of C. scalar! um. Cuba, Bahamas. 7. Group of C. mumia. Cuba. 8. Group of C. regina. Bahamas. 9. Group of C. gubernatoria. Bahamas. 10. Group of C. album. Bahamas. II. Group of C. glans. Bahamas. 12. Group of C. martens!. Bahamas. Subgenus DIACERION Dall. 13. Group of C. rubicundum. Inagua. 14. Group of C. striatellum. Eastern Cuba. Subgenus EOSTROPHIA Dall. 15. Group of C. anodonta. Tampa silex beds (Oligocene). 180 CERIOX, GROUP 1. Subgcnus CERIOX, s. str. Remarkable for the position of the parietal lamella, in the angle where the columella joins the whorl. The internal sets of laminae or teeth sometimes persist in mature shells, but as often are absorbed and absent, as in other groups of the genus. C. UVA (Linne). PI. 33, figs. 41-45. Shell cylindric or wider above, rather solid, white, lustreless. Whorls 10i=f to 13^, the earlier 2^ nearly smooth, the rest regularly and strongly ribbed, the ribs as wide as their intervals or narrower, oblique and curved on the upper part, becoming nearly straight and less oblique below. Last 5 or 6 whorls of nearly equal width, form- ing the cylindric portion, those above rapidly tapering forming a short obtuse cone. Last whorl tapering below, the ribs often obso- lete there. Umbilical chink deep. Aperture ovate or rounded, white or liver-brown within, having a small obtuse and very short lamella at the junction of the columella and parietal wall, and a sub- obsolete or scarcely perceptible columellar fold, which becomes stronger within, and winds up the internal column for 3 to 5 whorls. In many specimens the cavity of the whorls is contracted at one or more intervals by pairs of lamella? on the roof and floor of the cavity, a stronger development of the columellar lamella occurring at these places. Internal column wider and hollow above, narrow and solid in the lower 4 whorls. Length 25-^, diam. 9^, longest axis of aperture 7^ mill. Length 24, diam. 10^, longest axis of aperture 7-| mill. Length 20, diam. 10, longest axis of aperture 7 mill. Length 16, diam. 9, longest axis of aperture 6 mill. Island of Curacao. Turbo uva L., Syst. Nat. (10), p. 7G5. GMKL., p. 3604 Buli- mus uva BRUG., Encycl. Meth. p. 349 Helix (Cochlodonta) uva FER., Prodr., p. 58, no. 458 ; Histoire, pi. 153, f. 11-14. Pupa uva LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 105; edit. Desh., viii, p. 169 KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 5, pi. 1, f. 3, 4. SOWERBY, Conchol. Man., p. 291; Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 7 DESH., in Fer., Hist., p. 206 PFR., Monogr. ii, 317; iii, 537; iv, 659; vi, 292 WIRT KOBINSON, A Flying Trip to the Tropics, p. 22, figs SEMPER, Reisen, Landmoll., p. 128, pi. 16, f. 11 (teeth) Cerion Apiarium BOLT., Mus. Boltenianum p. 90 (1798). CERION, GROUP I. 1 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 26 Cerion, Plate 27 10 Cerion, Plate 28 4-4- .45 CER1ON PLATE 29 54 V 19 CERION PLATE 30 CER1ON PLATE 31 Cerion, Plate 32 36 CERION PLATE 33 CERION PLATE 34 CERION CERION PLATE 36 4'J CRRION, GROUP III. 193 obtuse. Whorls 10^ or fewer, but slightly convex, evenly sculptured with fine riblets or rib-stria, about 45 on the penult, whorl in large specimens. Aperture truncate-ovate, flesh or brown tinted within ; peristome narrowly reflexed, convex, often strongly thickened ; parietal lamella rather short; axial lamella rather acute. Parietal callus usually rather thin and transparent. Length 27, diam. 11^ mill. Length 30, diam. 11 mill. Length 19^, diam. 9^ mill. Porto Rico: Ponce (typical form, R. Swift). Virgin Islands: Anagada (Swift) and Necker Island, near Virgin Gorda (Dr. Cleve). Pupa crassilabris Shuttleworth MS., SOWERBY, Conch. Icon.,xx, pi. 2, f. 14 (May, 1875) Pupa striatella Fer., KUSTER, Conch. Cab., p. 91. pi. 10, f. 14, 15; SOWKRBY, t. c. pi. 3, f. 18 , b Pupa microstoma var. 7 PFR., Mai. Bl., 1852, p. 208; Monogr., iv, p. 660. This species is quite distinct by its exceedingly obtuse apex. Fig- ures 50-52 7-epresent specimens from Ponce, Porto Rice, the larger ones being typical. On Necker Island the shells are white. On Anagada they are small, rather egg-shaped, and vary from white to copiously marked (pi. 33, figs. 47-49). Specimens measure : length 23^, diam. 9^ mill.; 20x10 ; 18x9^. The last measurements are of a specimen with 8^ whorls, with about 65 rib-striae on the penultimate whorl. Some specimens in the collection before me are marked " San Domingo " and " Cuba," but I have little doubt that these data are incorrect. The species has been commonly named "P. striatella" in collections. It differs decidedly from the original figure of that species in the much more obtuse apex. In the type specimen (pi. 60, fig. 22) the lip is somewhat thicker than in most shells I have seen, but the general form, very obtuse apex, sculpture and color are the same. A tray of the specimens before me was labelled by Shuttleworth. The original description is as follows: *' Shell subcylindrical, obtuse, pinky- whitish, clouded with brown, finely ribbed ; aperture somewhat auriform, two-plaited, margin doubled." Sowerby's figure of Pupa antoni (C. Icon., f. 9) looks like crassi- labre. 194 CERION, GROUP III. C. RUDE (Pfeiffer). PI. 33, figs. 54, 55, 56, 57. Shell rimate and perforate, solid, cylindric or cylindric oval ; sur- face whitish or yellowish, chalky, the specimens being fossil ; sculp- tured with many rather narrow somewhat oblique riblets, 30 to 32 on the last whorl, usually narrower than the intervals. Whorls 10 to 11^, but slightly convex. Apex obtuse, the terminal cone with convex outlines. Aperture truncate-rounded, the parietal lamella well developed, usually rather short, axial lamella distinct ; peristome expanded and reflexed, thickened within. Length 30, diam. 12 mill, (type of rude). Length 29 to 34, diam. 13 mill. Length 21, diam. 10^ mill. Length 25, diam. 12 mill, (type of latilabris}. Length 23, diam. 11^ mill. St. Croix: on the plantations "Diamond" "Paradise" and "Blessing," as a quaternary fossil (Riise). Pupa rudis PFR., Mai. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 102, pi. 5, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr., iv, p. 657 SOWB., C. Icon., pi. 3, f. 21 (bad') Pupa latilabris PFR., t. c. p. 103, pi. 5, f. 3. This species has not been found living, but occurs in abundance as a fossil. P. latilabris Pfr. (fig. 53) is merely a short specimen, not varietally different. While obtuse at the apex, this species is far less so than C. crassilabre. C. YUMAENSE Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 33, fig. 58. Shell cylindrical, the lower three whorls of about equal diameter, those above tapering rapidly to form a short cone. White, mottled with fleshy-corneous above, or having this or a darker color appear- ing in sparse streaks, or in most or all the intervals between the opaque white riblets, throughout the shell. Surface evenly, regu- larly and closely ribbed, the ribs rounded, about as wide as their in- tervals, usually about 32, but varying from 29 to 37 in number on the penult, whorl. Whorls 9^, the earlier two corneous, first one smooth, next very minutely radially striate. Last whorl rounded below. Umbilical chink much compressed, the tract below it semi- lunar, defined by a groove. Aperture truncate-ovate, brown within ; parietal lamella small, short. Columella truncated obliquely ; lip rather narrowly expanded, not thickened; the parietal callus thin. Length 24^ to 26, diam. 9^ mill. CERION, GROUP III. 195 Length 21, cliam. 9^ mill. San Domingo: (Gabb, Salle); Haiti : ' Yuma (H. Prime); near Jeremie, Cote de Fer (Maynard). C. (Maynardia) yumaensis P. & V., New species of the genus Orion, p. 5 (May 4, 1895); P. A. N. S., 1895, p. 210 (June 18); P. A. N. S., 189(5, p. 324, pi. 11, f. 2, 3.Stroph>a ferruginea MAY- NAIJD, Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 19, pi. 4, f. 5, 6 (March, 1896). This Haitian form differs from C. crassilabre by its coarser sculp- ture and less rounded apex. It is not like any Cuban species. The specimens before me from Gabb and Salle w< j re apparently collected in the San Domingo part of the island. The types, a large series from Henry Prime, are labelled '' Yuma, Haiti " a place I have not found on maps at my command. I formerly thought it might be Yuna River, but this is in S. Domingo, and my label is clearly Yuma. Var. ferrugineum Maynard. (PI. 33, fig. 59). Rusty-red, the riblets white, whorls 9. Riblets less numerous than in typical yu- maense, 26 on the last whorl. Teeth moderately developed. Size varies from 22^ mill, long, 10 wide, to 19^x9^ mill. The types are from " near Jeremie, Cote de Fer." Var. sallei Pils. and Van. (PI. 33, fig. 61.) Shell much smaller, cylindric, white or cream-white, more or less maculate on the cone with purplish or fleshy. Whorls 9-9^, but slightly convex. Termi- nal cone with convex outlines, the apex obtuse. Sculpture of close, fine riblets, 40 to 44 on the penult, whorl, separated by intervals of about the width of the riblets. Aperture ovate, brown or ochre- brown inside, fading to white at the lip ; parietal lamella small and rather short, axial lamella small. Length 19, diam. 1\ mill. San Domingo (Salle). Cerion crassilabre sallei PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 325, pi. 11, f. 6 Pupa striatella var. minor, KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 92, pi. 11, f. 13-15. Formerly referred to C. crassilabre, but it seems to be more closely related to yumaense, differing chiefly in the smaller size and more numerous, finer riblets. With the type lot of G. yinnaense there were many specimens of a smaller, fine-ribbed form, which seems referable to sallei. The shells vary a good deal in contour, and are white except for some macula- tion near the apex ; riblets 35 to 38 on the penult, whorl ; whorls 8| to 9^. The parietal lamella varies from as well developed as in G. sallei to subobsolete or wholly wanting. 196 CERION, GROUP IV. Length 16^-18, diam. 7 mill. Length 13, diam. 7 mill, (shortest specimen). In a large quantity of specimens examined there are no intergrades with yumaense. As in that species, the young shells are without teeth, other than a small axial fold. One of the Yuma specimens is figured (fig. 60). C. CAYMANENSE n. sp. PI. 44, figs. 85, 86. Shell shortly rimate, cylindric with rather straightly conic termi- nal cone and obtuse apex ; solid and strong, grayish- white, very sparsely flecked with dull purple, generally more copiously marked on the cone. Sculpture of regular, crowded riblets, somewhat wider than their intervals, 25 to 28 on the penultimate whorl, each rib a little swollen at the upper end, crenulating the sutures. Whorls 8^ to 9^, but slightly convex, the last ascending in front. Aperture ochre brown inside ; peristome whitish, somewhat reflexed, thick ; parietal callus moderately heavy, appressed. Parietal tooth small and very short ; axial tooth small. Length 19, diam. 8 mill. Length 17.3, diam. 7.6 mill. Grand Cayman Island (C. B. Taylor). This species resembles C. yumaense var. saUei of S. Domingo, but its apex is less obtuse, the peristome much thicker, and the ribs stouter. The specimens described were received from Mr. G. H. Clapp, and collected by Mr. C. B. Taylor, of Kingston, Jamaica, who found them on a " honeycomb " lime rock and red earth forma- tion, on the north side of the island. IV. Group of C. cychstomum. Fine-ribbed or striate and rather small species, with the parietal tooth short and central, sometimes obsolete. All are from Cuba, occurring the whole length of the island. The species are difficult to discriminate. C. CYCLOSTOMUM (Kuster). PI. 32, figs. 13, 14. Shell ovate, cylindric, less rapidly tapering above than uva, and less tapering below, rather thin, glossy. The apex is smooth, the rest of the surface sculptured with very numerous, fine, somewhat acute riblets, separated by intervals of the same width. On the upper CERION, GROUP IV. 197 whorls the riblets are somewhat arcuate and oblique, but become straight on the lower ones. Whorls 10, very narrow, but slightly convex, separated by a simple, impressed suture. Ap-tture almost circular, with a strong fold on the parietal wall and a smaller one on the columella. Peristome continuous, with thick, reflexed outer lip. Yellowish-white, with pale reddish-yellow, irregular markings, chiefly confined to the interstices; the aperture pale yellowish. Length 9, width 3 lines (18x7^ mill.). (Kuester.) Locality unknown ; type in coll. K. University of Erlangen (Kues- ter). Cuba: Cayo Frances (Gundlach). Puffa cyclostoma KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 6, pi. 1, f. 5, 6 PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 316 AKANGO, Fauna, p. 102. This species is the senior member of a group of closely related forms which have not been satisfactorily discriminated, and more ample material with exact locality data must be had before they can be understood. Under the circumstances I consider it best to give the original descriptions and copies of the original figures. The ital- ics are my own. Shells which seem to me referable to C, cyclostomum are before me from Cabo San Antonio, the western extremity of Cuba, sent by R. Arango, have a heavily calloused parietal wall, with small and short parietal lamella. The aperture is white or nearly so within, and the reflexed lip is thickened. There are 29 to 31 rounded rib- lets, as wide as their intervals, on the penultimate whorl. One of these specimens is figured on plate 32, fig. 19. Var. KUSTERI (Pfeiffer). P). 32, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18. Shell deeply and shortly rimate, ovate conic, somewhat solid, reg- ularly ribbed with rather close riblets, thickened at the sutures ; whitish, streaked and marbled with pale corneous. Spire swollen in the middle, then regularly tapering in a somewhat obtuse cone. Whorls 8^, a little flattened, the last about two-fifths the total length, somewhat ascending in front, the base slightly compressed. Aper- ture slightly oblique, semi-oval, with parietal and columellar folds ; peristome narrowly expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 12, diam. above the middle 6 mill. (Pfr.). Habitat unknown. Pupa kusteri PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 69, no. 61 ; Monogr., iii, p. 540. KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 165, pi. 20, f. 3-6. 198 CERION, GROUP IV. A very small form, which Pfeiffer subsequently reduced to varietal place under cyclostoma, remarking that intermediate forms exist. The original description and figures are given. C. PINERIA Ball. PI. 32, fig. 20. Shell small, whitish, obliquely mottled with pale brownish flam- mules, sometimes nearly all brownish, with about eight whorls; nucleus smooth, brownish, of a whorl and a half, followed by fine, narrow, oblique, subequal riblets crossing the whorl, with about equal interspaces; apex dome-shaped; body of the shell subcylindrieal, base slightly attenuated, with no umbilicus ; aperture rounded, ex- cept over the body, with a thick, white, well-reflected lip, parietal and pillar lips each with a low median tubercle or tooth. Length 14, diam. 6.5 mill. (Dall). Isle of Pines (Johnson). Cerion (Maynardia) pineria DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, p. 6. 4k This is nearest related to Pupa cyclostoma Kiister, but is small and easily distinguished by its finer, closer, and more even ribbing. Like all the species of its genus it is variable, and has among others a small variety with very regular ribbing, which hardly exceeds 10 mill, in length, and is doubtless the smallest form belonging to the genus which has yet been reported." Some specimens are a little larger, 15x6 to 15x7 mill. There are 42 to 45 riblets on the penult, whorl, and usually the corneous- brown stripes pass over both ribs and intervals. The parietal lamella is very small, 1 to l\ mill. long, and the parietal callus moderately thick, but somewhat transparent. The specimen figured is one of the original lot. C. CUMINGIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 32, fig. 25. Shell deeply rimate, ovate-oblong, rather solid, irregularly hair- striate ; white, somewhat tessellated above with brownish-corneous spots. Spire convex, attenuated above, the apex corneous, rather acute, suture linear. Whorls 9, nearly flat, the last a little exceed- ing one-third the total length, ascending in front, the base somewhat compressed near the umbilical chink. Columella deeply dentate- plicate, the parietal wall provided with a moderate sized entering fold. Aperture vertical, truncate-oval ; peristome callous, narrowly CERION, GROUP IV. 199 expanded throughout, the margins converging, joined by a thin callus; right margin arcuate, columellar margin somewhat dilated. Length 17, diam. 1\ mill. (Pfr.~). Cuba (Poey). Pupa cumingiana PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1852, p. 68; Monogr., iii, p. 539 KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 162, pi. 19, f. 23-25. Known to me by the original description and figures only. The specimens reported from the Bahamas by Bland do not seem to be the same. Var. paredonis Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 32, figs. 21, 22. Shell cylindric or ovate, fleshy-white with faint maculation above, or blotched throughout with brown, the ribs mainly white. Whorls 8| to 10, slightly convex, sculptured with stout rounded ribs a little narrower than the concave intervals, and 22 to 28 in number on the penultimate whorl. Aperture dark brown within and wrinkled in harmony with the external ribs; peristome white, narrowly reflexed. Parietal callus very thin, the ribs showing strongly through it ; par- ietal lamella low, but long, deeply entering to a dorsal position ; axial lamella tooth-like. Length 17, diam. 6.8, longest axis of aperture 6 mill. Length 15, diam. 6.5, longest axis of aperture 6 mill. Length 18.8, diam. 7.5, longest axis of aperture 7 mill. Cayo Paredon Grande, off N. shore Puerto Principe, Cuba. ( Ar- ango.) The fleshy-white specimen is cylindric, with comparatively coarse ribs; the mottled shells, which I regard as typical of the variety, are smaller, tapering, with finer ribs. The dark mouth and long parietal lamella are the same in all. This form may be a tangent from the C. mumia stock. C. MICROSTOMUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 32, figs. 30, 31. Shell deeply rimate, subcylindric rather solid, closely and lightly ribbed; whitish, irregularly marked with brownish-corneous streaks. Spire lengthened, produced in a rather obtuse cone ; suture im- pressed ; whorls 10, slightly convex, the last not quite one-third the total length, slightly ascending in front, somewhat compressed and sharply striate at the base. Aperture lunate-rounded, pale livid within, provided with a compressed parietal tooth and an obsolete columellar fold ; peristome simple, narrowly expanded, the margins 200 CERION, GROUP IV. joined by a thin callus, columellar margin dilated. Length 21-22, diam. 7, aperture with peristome 7 mill, long, 6 wide (Pfr.). Among many of the typical form, a few occurred of larger size, narrow, uniform white or with very pale marking (Pfr.). Cuba: Punta de Jicaco (Icacos or Hicacos), north of Cardenas, in Matanzas province (Pfr.). Papa microstoma PFR., Malak. Bl., 1852, p. 207, pi. 3, f. 15, 16; Monogr., iv, p. 659 (exclusive of var. y) ? SOWERBY, C. Icon., pi. 2, f. 8. A rather slender, fine-ribbed and small-mouthed form, not identi- fied with any certainty from any but the type locality. The original description and figures are given. It differs from C. cydostomum in the thin parietal callus. C. GUNDLACHI (Pfeitfer). PI. G2, figs. 32, 33, 34, 35. Shell rimate-perforate, oblong-ovate, rather solid, nearly smooth ; corneous, elegantly variegated with angular streaks and spots of opaque white. Spire ovate-conic, the apex rather obtuse ; whorls 9, flattened, the last ascending in front, nearly two-fifths the shell's length, sub-compressed at the base. Aperture vertical, truncate- oval, with a deeply placed parietal tooth, which is frequently obso- lete. Columella with a slight fold ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, narrowly spreading. Length 15, diam. in the middle 7 mill.; aperture with peristome G mill, long (Pfr.). Cuba : Punta de San Juan de los Perros (Gundlach). Pupa gundlachi PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 175, pi. 1, f. 39-42 ; Monogr. iii, p. 537. It is often smaller, length 13, diam. 5.7 mill.; and according to specimens in the collection of the Academy, it is densely and finely rib-striate on the cone and the latter part of the last whorl. This variation has been described by Pfeiffer, who enumerates two forms, one smaller and almost unicolored corneous, with only scattered dots of white (fig. 34), the other also smaller and distinctly striate (fig. 35). The parietal lamella is short and small, sometimes hardly percep- tible. C. TENUILABRK (' Gundlach ' Pfr.). PI. 32, fig. 26; pi. 44, f. 74. Shell shortly rimate, cylindric, rather short, terminating in a straight-sided cone; rather solid. Brownish-corneous, irregularly CERION, GROUP IV. 201 speckled with cream-white, most of the striae of that tint. Whorls 9| to 10, nearly flat, the first 1^ smooth, convex, the rest closely and evenly rib-striate, the riblets rounded and about as wide as their intervals; last whorl ascending in front. Aperture truncate-ovate, pale within ; the parietal lamella small, rather short, axial lamella inconspicuous from in front, extending deeply inward. Peristome brownish-white, blunt, a little expanded ; parietal callus a straight, more or less raised ledge. Length 20, diam. 9 to 10 mill. Length 18^-21, diam. 9 mill. Cuba: Barigua, near Mata, on the N. shore near the eastern end of the is'land (Gundlach, Arango). Pupa tenuilabris Gundl. in litt., PFR., Malak. Bl., xvii, p. 91 (1870); Monogr. viii, p. 356. A rather short, thick-set, dingy species, with strictly conic or even slightly concave terminal cone and fine, even rib-striation. The de- scription and figure are from specimens from the type locality. Subsp. PYGM.EUM Pilsbry and Vanatta. PL 32, figs. 27, 28, 29. Shell small and rather thin, varying from cylindric to short oval or suborbicular. Whorls 7 to 8^, the latter 2 to 3 of sub-equal diam- eter, those above forming a stumpy (often very short) cone. Rusty brown. Surface regularly and finely rib-striate; apical whorl smooth, next whorl finely and regularly striated. Last whorl ascend- ing in front, having a very short umbilical rima below. Aperture brownish within, rounded, obliquely truncate above. Peristome white, blunt, slightly expanded ; parietal callus thin. Axial fold in- conspicuous ; parietal tooth deep within and extremely small. Length 10, diam. 6g ; long axis of aperture 5 mill. Length 12, diam. 7 ; long axis of aperture 5 mill. Length 14-|, diam. 6^; long axis of aperture 5^ mill. Cuba : Gibara. Cerion tenuilabre pygmceum P. and V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, pp. 325, 335, pi. 11, f. 9. Pupa cyclostoma SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. 19, f. 179. The short, typical form of this subspecies is extremely peculiar in shape, being shorter than any other Cerion. Longer examples are more like C. tenuilabre, which differs in having the aperture less rounded, the spire different in shape, the parietal callus less defined, 202 CKRION, GROUP IV. and the parietal lamella is better developed, besides being of larger size. The locality of pyymceum is over 100 miles east of that of tenuilabre. Probably the intervening territory will supply inter- mediate forms. 2o specimens examined. C. CRASSIUSCULUM ' Torre' P. and V. PI. 32, figs. 36, 37. Shell shortly and deeply rimate, cylindrical, rather solid, lustre- less, light brown or yellowish-brown throughout. Latter three whorls of equal diameter, or wider above, those above tapering in a short cone with straight or slightly concave outlines; apex obtuse, rather mammillar. Sculptured with rather close, regular, strong riblets, which are somewhat oblique, varying from as wide to half as wide as the interstices, and about 28 in number on the antepenulti- mate whorl ; becoming obsolete or partially so on the last whorl. Whorls nearly 10, but slightly convex, the last slightly ascending in front. Aperture vertical, with a very small, short parietal tooth T and moderate axial fold ; peristome blunt, expanded, subreflexed r the terminations distant, connected by a moderate parietal callus. Length 21, diam. 8^, long axis of aperture 8^ mill. Length 20, diam. 9^, long axis of aperture 8^ mill. Eastern Cuba: Cayo Jii/'n, Baracoa (Prof, de la Torre, F. E, Blanes). Cerion crassiusculum Torre, PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. Acad, N. S., Phila., 1898, p. 478, f. 7, 8. There is a small form, alt. 13^, diam. 6^, length of aperture f> mill., having all the characters of the larger except that there are only 8 whorls (fig. 37). The last whorl in this species is half the total length of the shell or a trifle more, and upon it the ribs are weak or wholly obsolete. Compared with C. microdon, it differs in the concave instead of con- vex outlines of the terminal cone, and the color. It differs from C. tenuilabre in the coarser sculpture ; and from both in the compara- tively smooth last whorl. Var. SMITHII ' Blanes' Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 32, fig. 38. Shell similar in form but somewhat larger, and smooth, fine riblets appearing on several whorls of the cone. Whorls 10, those of the cone convex, the rest nearly flat. Lip reflexed and somewhat thick- ened. Length 2f)7r, diam. 10, long axis of aperture 10 mill. Sagua de Tanamo (F. E. Blanes). A smooth form, from the same coast. CERION, GROUP IV. 203 C. MICRODON (Pilsbry and V a natta). PI. 28, fig. 36. Shell varying from cylindric to stout oval, strong and solid ; whit- ish with some inconspicuous gray flecks. Whorls 8-5 to 9^, the first one smooth, next finely and regularly costellate, following whorls with coarser riblets becoming regular, curved and moderately coarse on the cylindrical portion, somewhat narrower than the intervals, and 28 to 30 in number on the penultimate whorl ; on the base of the last whorl the riblets become obsolete or subobsolete. Later 3 to 4 whorls of about equal diameter, those above forming rather a long cone with convex outlines and obtuse apex. Aperture rounded, truncate above, white within. Feristome white, narrowly expanded and subreflexed, obtuse ; parietal callus very thin or moderate. Axial fold inconspicuous from in front; parietal tooth extremely small, short. Length 21^, diam. 10^, long axis of aperture 9 mill. Length 19^, diam. 9^, long axis of aperture 8 mill. Length 18^, diam. 10, long axis of aperture 7^ mill. Cuba. Cerion incrassatum microdon P. and V., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, pp. 319, 328, pi. 11, f. 5. The convex and obtuse terminal cone, want of color, and more widely spaced and arcuate riblets, separate this species from C. tenui- labre ; but the small, deeply -placed parietal lamella and the style of sculpture show it to belong to the same group, and not near C. in- crassatum or dimidiatum, where it was originally placed. C. VENUSTUM (Poey). Shell rimate, conic ovate, solid, glossy, elegantly sculptured with close riblets ; apex rather obtuse, flesh-colored ; marbled with irreg- ular oblique stripes. Whorls 9, flattened, narrow, the last ascending in front, compressed at the base. Aperture ovate- oblong, fulvous inside ; plica? obsolete ; peristome thickened, expanded, white, the margins joined by a callus. Length 24, diam. 10 mill.; longest axis of aperture with peristome 11, width 9 mill. (Poey). Cuba (Dr. D. Regino Perez). Pupa venusta POEY, Memorias, ii, p. 30 (18,56-1858). PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 659. There are 56 riblets on the last entire whorl. It resembles the 204 OERION, GROUP V. figure of striatella of Guerin's plate 6, f. 12, but that has a parietal tooth. This species seems allied to C. weinlandi, agrestinum, etc., of the Bahamas, and may perhaps be no Cuban shell. V. Group of G. maritimum. Pinguitia MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 330, for " S. dimi- diatia" Rather large, stout, cylindric species, ribbed, rib-striate or smooth, the sutures but slightly impressed ; the parietal tooth usually short (but sometimes lengthened), characteristic of Cuba, especially the north coast. Many of the species of this group have a smooth and a ribbed form. The parietal tooth is usually short, but in some specimens of certain species it continues inward to a dorsal position. This is the case with the example of C. maritimum figured on pi. 30, h'g. 74. These long-toothed forms seem to differ in no other respect from the normal short-toothed examples of the same species. Two species, G. longidens and C. hypertissum, seem to be constantly long-toothed. The general relationships of the species may be expressed dia- grammatically. Names in .italic type pertain to smooth, the others to sculptured forms. dimidiatum I vulneratum torrei ornatum multicosta, incrassatum I sagraianum holuglyptum politum - maisianum maritimum hyperlissum, longidens subl&vigatum I ^ncanum The species are all variable, impossible to limit by hard-and-fast diagnoses. In a few forms, especially the extreme proteus form of G. dimidiatum, some incised spiral lines are developed a feature culminating in the allied group of G. scalarinum. The key below is CERION, GROUP V. 205 for typically developed specimens, and of course is quite artificial, a. Shell of robust, broad contour. b. Smooth on the cone or throughout. c. Diameter over half the length ; cone very short ; whit- ish ; ribbed or smooth. dimidiatum, p. 205. c 1 . Smooth or nearly so ; richly variegated, torrei, p. 207. b l . Ribbed throughout. c. Unicolored, usually snow-white. multicosta, p. 208. c 1 . Bluish ; lip very thick, sinuous above. incrassatum, p. 207. c 2 . Variegated with brown. ornatum, p. 208. a 1 . Shell moderately stout, the diam. usually contained 2^ times or more in the length. b. Interior rich purple. iostoma, p. 210; arangoi, p. 211. A 1 . Parietal tooth long. c. Shell long and slender. hyperlissum, p. 211. c 1 . Shell rather short. longidens, p. 212. b' 1 . Without either of the above characters. c. Shell slender, richly variegated with purple-brown ; lip narrow. vulneratum, p. 219. c 1 . Shell moderately stout in figure. d. Cone short; parietal tooth doubled or buttressed. politum, p. 217. d 1 . Cone longer; parietal tooth simple. e. Species of Florida Keys and Bahamas. incanum, p. 213. e 1 . Species of Cuba. maritimum, p. 212. saffraianum, p. 216. C. DIMIDIATUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 28, figs. 27-32. Shell perforate and rimate, solid, cylindric, very obese, often widest above, white or whitish. Whorls about 10^, the first one smooth, the next two finely and densely striate, the rest of the whorls oj the very short, wide cone nearly smooth, flat ; last three whorls forming the cylindrical portion, sculptured with curved ribs, which vary from strong and regular to irregular, or they may even be completely ab- sent. A group of spiral incised lines may usually be seen below the middle of each whorl. Last whorl ascending in front, having the rather flattened base defined by a revolving cord (sometimes obso- 206 CERION, GROUP V. lete), below which radial wrinkles replace the ribs. Aperture rounded-ovate, flesh-colored inside, the peristome reflexed. Parietal lamella short, small or subobsolete ; axial lamella hardly or not visi- ble in front, weak within the last whorl. Length 30, diam. 16 mill, (type of dimidiata Pfr.). Length 25^, diam. 18 mill. Length 27, diam. 16 mill. N. coast of prov. Santiago de Cuba, at Gibara (Gundlach). Pupa dimidiata PFR., Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1847, p. 16; Monogr., ii, p. 316 Pupaproteus Gundl., PFR., Malak. Bl., vii, I860, p. 19 ; Novit. Conch., p. 267, pi. 66, f. 13-22; Monogr., v, p. 291 AR- ANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 101. SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. l,f. 4. Strophia (Pinyiritia) dimidiatia Pfr., MAYNARD, Con- trib. to Sci., iii, p. 30, pi. 6, f. 6, 7 (March, 1896). The name dhnidiatwn was originally applied to a rather long and cylindric form, while proteus was based upon the shorter and more strongly characterized shells. Pfeiffer abandoned the former name because he considered it to apply to a non-typical form of the species. The original description follows : " Shell rimate, cylindric-ovate, solid, having distant and arcuate folds, dull white. Spire bee-hive shaped, the apex shortly conic ; suture shallow. Whorls 11, narrow, rather flat, the upper smooth, the last bipartite, subcarinate in the middle, marked below the angle with several impressed, crowded, spiral lines, and densely striated from the center, the base swollen. Aperture nearly semicircular, peristome thickened, expanded, the margins joined by a straight callus, right margin subauriculate. Length 30, diam. 16 mill.; ob- lique length of aperture with peristome 13, width 11 mill." (Ptr.). The shortest specimen I have seen measures 22x16 mill., and has 9^ whorls (fig. 31); the largest is 32x17 mill., with 1 1 whorls. Aside from this great variation in size and proportions, there is variation in sculpture, some shells before me totally wanting ribs (tig. 32). The keel defining the base is also variable, and sometimes entirely wanting. All forms of the species are distinguished by the very low, wide cone of the spire. There is a much less differentiated form of the species, in which the cylindric shell is regularly sculptured with nearly straight ribs, which may be quite numerous with intervals of their own width (pi. 28, fig. 33) or rather spaced (pi. 28, fig. 34); the number of ribs CEIUON, GROUP V. 207 varying, 23, 25, 33, 37 on the penult, whorl of several specimens. The cord and depression defining the base in the typical form are obsolete, but the base is finely striated, not ribbed, and sometimes, as in the original of fig. 34, the group of spiral stria? persists. This form occurs at Gibara. C. INCRASSATUM (Sowerby). PI. 28, fig. 35. " Shell obese, cylindrical, slightly truncated, bluish ; ribs rather oblique, distant, smooth. Aperture auriform, fiexuous ; margin whit- ish, very thick ; outer lip flexuous above, inner lip with two strong folds. It resembles P. proteiis, but its chief peculiarity is a much thickened and flexuous margin " (Sowb.). Length 37^, diam. 15 mill, (from fig.). Cuba (type in British Museum). Pupa incrassata SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. 1, f. 6. P. tum- ida SO\VB., MS., olim. Gerion incrassatum P. and V., Proc. A. N. S., 1896, p. 319. The type-figure of this species is copied in my fig. 35, and the original description is given above. 1 have not identified the species with certainty, but some specimens of C. torrei ornatam approach it, though they are smaller, with a less developed axial lamella, and without the bend in the outer lip, believed by Sowerby to be charac- teristic of his species. C. TORREI ' Blanes' P. and V. PI. 28, figs. 39, 40. Shell cylindrical, obese, strong, rimate and perforate, the lower two or three whorls of approximately equal diameter, those above forming a rather short cone with sides diverging at an angle of 85 to 90. Whorls 10-11, the earliest 1-2^ white or corneous, several following finely and sharply striated, the remaining whorls nearly smooth; last whorl ascending in front, somewhat tapering below, and generally striated at the base. Brown, marbled with very irreg- ular stripes and dots of white. Aperture short, showing a small short parietal lamella and a small axial lamella; peristome white, thickened and convex, reflexed and recurved, continuous, the pari- etal margin more or less calloused. Alt. 23^, greatest diam. 13, length of aperture 11 mill. Alt. 28, greatest diam. 12^, length of aperture 11 mill. Alt. 24, greatest diam. 11|, length of aperture 10 mill. Port of Vita, Cuba (Francisco E. Blanes). 208 CERION, GROUP V. Cerion torrei Blanes, PII,S. and VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,. Phila., 1898, p. 476, f. 1, 2 (Jan. 13, 1899); with var. ornatum P.. and V., 1. c., f. 3, 4. This species resembles G. dimidiaturn in shape, differing in the less rude texture, less squarely obese form, higher terminal cone, no trace of a keel defining the base, etc. It has the coloration of C. vulner- at^lm. C. torrei differs from (7. sayraianum in the shortening of the whole shell and especially the cone of the spire. A tray in the collection of the Academy from Gibara, contains entirely smooth fleshy-whitish specimens, not variegated, varying in size: 27^x12^ to 25x11 mill., and one shell with regular and dis- tinct, though excessively low, almost obsolete ribs, measuring 26x12^ mill. They were mingled with the strongly-ribbed dimidiaturn de- scribed above, and together with them seem to form a connection with C. torrei and its ribbed variety. Further series of fresh specimens with exact locality data are needed to elucidate these relationships. Var. ornatum Pils. and Van. PI. 28, figs. 41, 42. Similar in form to the longer specimens of C. torrei, being cylin- drical, blunt at the ends; strongly and regularly ribbed throughout, the ribs on the cylindrical portion from one to one and a half mill, apart, and decidedly narrower than the intervals ; parietal margin of peristome more elevated. Length 26 to 32, diam. 12^ mill. Vita, Cuba (Prof, de la Torre). This looks like a distinct species, but we consider it merely a cos- tate form of the preceding. It is more slender than the ribbed form of G. dimidiatum, with finer ribs, continued upon the terminal cone, and there is no basal keel. Its possible relation to C. incrassatum has been alluded to above. C. multicoslum has a nepionic shell of slightly over 2^ whorls, and the cone is distinctly atteniuiled above,, while in ornatum there are but 2^ nepionic whorls, and the outlines of the terminal cone are slightly convex. The larger specimen fig- ured has 24, the smaller 29 riblets on the penultimate whorl. C. MULTICOSTUM (Kiister). PI. 28, figs. 37, 38. Shell rimate, cylindric, solid pure white or flesh-tinted. Whorls nearly 11, the first 1^ smooth, then striate, becoming costulate ; the last three whorls forming the cylindrical portion, on which the ribs- CERION, GROUP V. 209 are strong, but narrower than their intervals, nearly regular, slightly curved, 30-32 on the penult, whorl. Terminal cone rather attenu- ated above, the lateral outlines beiity straiyht or even slightly concave. Aperture truncate-ovate, purplish- Or yellowish-brown in the throat, the lip ivory-white. Parietal lamella narrow, rather long, usually with a low continuation inward. Axial lamella small but rather acute. Length 31-33, diam. 14 mill. Length 29, diam. 13^ mill. Length 26, diam. 11 mill. (Kiister's type, fig. 37). Cuba. Pupa multicosta KUSTER, Conchy]. Cab., Pupa, p. 77, pi. 11, f. 6, 7. PFU., Monogr., ii, p. 323. Pupa multicostata SOWB., Conch. Icon., xx, pi. 2, f. 13 ? ? Helix decumanus van a FEKUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., p. 59, no. 462 (based upon Lister, pi. 588, f. 47). Pupa decumana GRAY, Ann. of Philos. (new ser.), ix, p. 413. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 320 (except references to Sowerby and Reeve). The original locality was merely " West Indies," and the original description and figures apply about as well to some Bahaman forms as to the Cuban. Although so much must be admitted, I consider it best to retain the traditional identification with the Cuban form defined above; thinking it impossible to better it. C. multicostum differs from C. torrei ornatum in the longer or at least more attenuated terminal cone, and the longer parietal lamella, which has usually a low continuation or prolongation inward. It is wider than C. maritimum, and has stronger ribs. None of the specimens before me, some five lots from three sources, bear label more definite than " Cuba ;" and Arango gives nothing more. It is probably from the northern shore of the eastern end of the island. The variety referred here by Kiister (C. Cab. pi. 10, f. 1, 2) is of doubtful identity, but I think it is probably maritima, as Pfeiffer sus- pected. The figure in Lister upon which Pupa decumana Gray was based is not determinable. The Pupa tumidula of Deshayes seems to have no differential! characters of importance. The original description here follows : Pupa tumidula. (PI. 30. fig. 71.) Shell ovate-acuminate, in- flated, short, grayish-white, the apex obtuse; longitudinally plicate- costate ; spire with conic apex ; whorls 10, narrow, the last convex 210 CKRION, GROUP V. beneatli, deeply rirmite, ascending to the aperture. Aperture sub- circular, rufous inside ; perislome thickened, reflexed, the margins continuous. Columella with a fold at the base, the left margin one- toothed. Length 30, diam. 14 mill. Desk, in Ferussac, Histoire, ii, p. 207. Helix (Cochlodontit) uvu FEH., Hist., pi. 153, f. 8. Cuba (Deshayes). The ribs are somewhat more spaced than in multicostum. C. IOSTOMUM (Pfeiffer). PL 28, fig. 44. Shell deeply rimate, oblong-conic, solid, distantly plicate-costate, opaque, calcareous ; spire lengthened, terminating in a slightly obtuse, densely costulate cone, marbled with corneous. Suture with exserted margin. Whorls 11, nearly flat or a little convex, the last forming two-fifths the length, ascending in front, corrugated, the base com- pressed. Aperture truncate-oval, violet colored within, provided with a deep-seated parietal tooth and an oblique colurnellar fold. Peristome thick, reflexed throughout, the margins joined by a rather thick callus, columellar margin flexuous. Length 32, diam. 12, aperture with peristome 13 mill, long, 10 wide (Pfr.). Cuba: on the southern coast, on Opuntia (Gundlach). Pupa iostoma PFR., Malak. Bl., 1854, p. 204; Monogr., iv, p. 656 ; vi, 289 (exclusive of locality, Turk's Island) SOWB., C. Icon., pi. 3, f. 22 Cerion iostomum PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, pp. 320, 329, pi. 11. f. 14, with var. arangoi, t. c., p. 330, pi. 11, f. 12 Of. ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cub., p. 100. Pfeiffer mentions two forms : b is somewhat more obese, with the median whorls nearly smooth, only very finely rippled, the last with spaced folds ; and g is smaller, and more or less, but always dis- tantly, ribbed, length 21-25 mill. The specimen figured answers to the description of Pfeiffer in all respects save that the median whorls are only obsoletely ribbed, hardly " distanter plicuto-costata" more like the " var. ft." The post-nepionic whorls of the cone are " conferte costulalum . ;" the cone itself " corneo-marmoratum," suture conspicuously " exserto-margin- ata," and the corrugation of last whorl and color of aperture (" intm violficea") are likewise in agreement. The specimen figured is 2 mm. shorter than Pfeiffer's. Length 30, diam. 12; alt. of aperture 12 mill. This species was described from the south coast of Cuba living CKHION, (;iu>i;i> v. 21 1 among prickly pears. Subsequently it was reported tVoin Turk's Island and Great Inagua (see Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, p. So), but specimens from these localities, labeled by Bland, prove to be totally distinct species, having little save the purplish- brown color of the mouth, in common with the true Pupa iostoma of Pfeiffer's first description. Var. arangoi Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 28, figs. 45, 46. Shell similar to the type in form, but smaller. Later two whorls only of equal diameter, those above forming a rather long cone. Whorls 8^ to 9. Surface closely and regularly ribbed throughout (excep^ the smooth nepionic whorls), the ribs 31 to 36 in number on the penultimate whorl, mainly white, interstices purplish-brown, mot- tled with white. Sutures without noticeably exserted margination. Aperture deep, rich purple within, the parietal lamella small and short, as in typical iostomum. Length 23^, diam. 10; alt. of aperture 9 mill. (36 riblets). Length 18, diam. 9; alt. of aperture 8 mill. (31 riblets). Length 24, diam. 10|; alt. of aperture 9| mill. Cienfuegos, on the S. coast of prov. Santa Clara, Cuba (R. Ar- ango). Strikingly different from iostomum at first sight, but we believe it to be closely allied and probably a subspecies thereof. It was prob- ably this form which Sr. Cisneros found in abundance at Cayo Car- enus, near Cienfuegos, as quoted by Arango. The locality " Carde- nas " for iostomum, also given by Arango, is probably erroneous. C. HYPEKLISSUM Pilsbry and Vanatta. PL 28, fig. 43. Shell moderately strong, much elongated, cylindrical, the later four whorls of about equal diameter, those earlier gradually taper- ing, forming an obtuse conn with slightly convex outlines. Pinkish- brown (with more or less white maculation), the riblets white. Whorls 11^, weakly convex, those of the cone smooth, the rest sculp- tured with rather fine riblets narrower than the intervals, about 36 in number on each of the several later \yhorls. Umbilicus a short rimation, compressed. Aperture ovate, decidedly higher than wide, the throat flesh-tinted. Peristome white, well reflexed and revolute, thickened ; parietal callus light, its edge hardly thickened ; parietal fold median, very long, one-fourth to one-third of a whorl in length. Length 32^, diam. 10 ; alt. of aperture 12 mill. 212 CER1ON, GROUP V. Length 29^, cliam. 10; alt. of aperture 11 mill, Cuba. C. hyperlissum P. and V., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896, pp. 320, 330, pi. 11, f. 10. This species has the unusually long parietal tooth of the Little Cayman Island Cerions. For the rest, it does not differ remarkably from such Cuban forms as C. maritimum. The whorls of the cone are ribless, unlike ribbed members of the maritimum group. A form also referable to this species is much striped and maculated with fleshy-brown and white, the riblets being finer. C. LONGIDENS ii. sp. PL 32, figs. 23, 24. Shell shortly rimate, oblong or subcylindric, very solid and strong ; flesh-colored with nearly white ribs. Sculpture of strong, rather close, subregular ribs, about 30 in number on the penultimate whorl ; on the last whorl the ribs become lower and split at the periphery, so that the base is rather finely, irregularly rib-striate. Whorls 9 in short, to 10^ in long specimens, but slightly convex, the last broadly rounded below. Aperture ovate, whitish or pale within ; peristome reflexed and recurved, strongly thickened, white or pale reddish- brown ; parietal callus rather heavy. Parietal lamella low and rather slender but very long, extending inward to the dorsal side, only slightly curved. There is a low callus or accessory tooth on the left side of the outer end of the parietal lamella. Axial lamella small at the aperture, strong within. Length 24, diam. 11.5 mill. Length 22.5, diam. 10.5 mill. Length 26. 5, diam. 10.8 mill. Cuba: Cabo Cruz (Bland). This species has a long parietal lamella like the Little Cayman species. In general external appearance it approaches typical C. glans. The embryonic whorls are either ochre-colored or white. C. MARITIMUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 72, 73, 74. Shell deeply rimate, cylindric, solid, pure white or sometimes sparsely variegated with reddish-brown or gray, the apex yellowish. Whorls 10-11, nearly flat, the last 3 of about equal diameter, those above forming a terminal cone, the outlines of which are convex below, straight above ; apex obtuse. Sculptured throughout with low and narrow, close, regular riblets. Aperture truncate ovate, pale flesh-tinted or yellowish inside. Parietal lamella small and CERION, GROUP V. 213 usually short; axial lamella small. Peristome well reflexed, not thickened ; parietal callus rather heavy. Length 30, diam. 12, length of aperture 11-13 mill. Length 35, diam. 13 mill. Cuba, northern shore of Matanzas Province : Punta de Maya, at the entrance of Matanzas Bay on sticks and stones, close to high tide mark, in company with Tectarius muricatus (Pfr., type loc.); Cayo Blanco near Cardenas (Gundlach)- Boca de Jaruco (Clerch). Pupa maritima PFR., Archiv f. Naturg., 1839, i, p. 353 ; Monogr. ii, p. 322; iii, 539 ; iv, 657 (forms typica and sublcevigata^ ; vi, 289 ; Malak.. Bl., 1854, p. 205 KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 70, pi. 9, f. 10, 11 (typical form), f. 12, 13 (smooth form). ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 101. Strophia maritima Pfr., MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science, i, p. 127, f. 31, pi. 13, f. 1, la (smooth form). Cerion maritimum Pfr., P. and V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 320. C. m. sublcevigatum Pfr., P. and V., P. A. N. S., 1895, p. 209 ? Pupa mumia POT. and MICH., Galerie, i, p. 169, pi. 17, f. 1,2. Typical G. maritimum is distinctly and rather finely costulate, and while usually almost unicolored whitish, it is occasionally somewhat mottled or sparsely speckled, like C. mumia chrysalis. The costula- tion is decidedly coarser than in the ribbed form of C. sagraianum. C. incanum is smoother than maritimum. The young are usually toothless, but sometimes have 4 teeth and an axial plait. Form sublavigatum Pfr. (PI. 30, figs. 75, 76.) Shell smooth or nearly so, the riblets of the typical form being subobsolete or almost wanting except on the terminal cone, which is finely and densely rib-striate ; whitish, the terminal cone often marbled with gray- brown. Occurs at Punta de Maya, at the eastern side of the en- trance 'of Matanzas Bay, with the ribbed form (f. 75), on Cayo Blanco, and at or near Cardenas (fig. 76). C. INCANUM (Binney). PI. 29, figs. 48, 49, 50. Shell rimate, cylindric, solid ; white, usually tinted with gray, blue or fleshy ; whorls 9-12, slightly convex or nearly flat, closely but lightly wrinkle-striate, the last three whorls of about equal diam- eter, those above slowly tapering, forming a cone with convex out- lines and obtuse apex. Last whorl somewhat ascending in front. Aperture truncate-oval, white or flesh-tinted inside ; parietal lamella short, rather small ; axial lamella usually well developed, tooth-like. 214 CERION, GROUP V. Length 17-30 mill. Florida Keys; Gun City, Jlahrnnas. Pupa maritima }' PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 539 GOULD in Binney's Ten-. Moll., ii, p. 316, Pupa incana A. BINNEY, Ten-. Moll. U. S., i, p. 109, name only; iii. p. 318, as a synonym of P. maritima (1851 ); iii, pi. 68 (1857). LEIDY, t. c., i, pi. 15, f. 2-4 (anatomy). PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 657 ; vi, 289, with var. variegata, based upon Bin- ney's pi. 70 (error for 79), f. 17 (1868). W. G. BINNEV, Terr. Moll., iv, p. 141, and \-AI: fasciatu p. 206, pi. 79, f. 17 (1859); Land and F. W. Sh. of N. A., i, p. 247, f. 430. Pupa detrita Shuttle- wortli, PFK., Malak. HI., i, p. 205, pi. 3, C. 9, 10 (1854). SOWB., C. Icon. pi. 3. f. 17. Strophia incnna Binn., TRYON, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iii, p. 308, pi. 15, f. 19 ; Mon. Terr. Moll. U. S., p. 135, pi. 15, f. 19 (copied from Terr. Moll., iii, pi. 68, lower fig.) W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, p. 220, pi. 68, and fig. 126; Man. Amer. L. Shells, p. 419, f. 462, 463 (jaw and teeth), 464. 465 (shell). MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science, i, p. 78. f. 13, pi. 7, f. 20, 20a. SIMPSON, Proc. Davenport Acad., v. p. 68 Cerion incanum Binn., PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, p. 320. PILSBRY, Nau- tilus, xii, p. 26 (Gun Cay) C. incanum saccJiarimeta Blanes, PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1898, p. 477, f. 5. This species is generally smaller than C. maritimum sublcevigatum of Cuba, and it has a longer cone with more obtuse apex. C. in- cunoides of Turk's Island is very similar, and distinguished chiefly by its decided excavation behind the columellar lip, the reflexed edge of which is pushed forward in the middle. At Key West, the type locality, C. incanum occurs abundantly between the salt ponds and the northern shore. The shells are white, flesh-tinted or bluish, with several apical whorls light brown. Frequently there are a few rather ill-defined livid spots, more numer- ous on the cone. The variation in size is great: 30x11; 25x8^; 22x10; 17x7| mill. The last whorl is often irregularly wrinkled, almost subcostulate. Figures 48-50 are from Key West examples. SUGAR-LOAF KEY. Var. saccharimeta ' Blanes ' P. and V. (pi. 29, figs. 52, 53). The specimens are chalky-white with a blue tint, and corneous apical whorls, the next whorl being very finely but dis- tinctly rib-striate. There are irregularly developed, low and wide- spaced riblets on the last one or two whorls. Terminal cone more tapering than in normal incanum. Size variable, from 38x13^ to 28x1 H mill. The specimens from this key show well-marked racial divergence. CEUION, GUOUP V. 215 BOCA CHICA KEY. Accord ing to Binney (Manual Anier. L. Shells, p. 420), Hemphill collected specimens 36 mill. long. KEY VACCAS. At tlie east end of tin's Key, Dr. J. W. Velio collected many specimens of a small, thin form, with short terminal cone, and the sculpture of typical Key West shells. Color fleshy- white, more or less suffused or clouded with flesh-color, and sparsely or copiously streaked with livid spots, The peristome is thin and narrow. Size: 23x8; 22x8^ to 18x8 mill. This slightly individ- ualized race may stand as form vaccinum (pi. 29, fig. 51). BISCAYNE KEY. Form fasciata W. G. B. (pi. 29., fig. 47). Rather small shells, somewhat more sharply and roughly sculptured than th'e Key West type, occur at the lower end of this Key. They are practically typical in size and form, and on a pale-brownish ground are striped with brown, the stripes zigzag and ragged on the cone, more regular below. Pfeiffer has referred to this as var. variegata. Maynard's Strophia fasciata (Contrib. to Sci., i, p. 133) is the Key Vaccas variety. VIRGINIA KEY (N. of Key Biscayne). Five specimens collected by Mr. S. N. Rhoads in 1899 are nearly white. Two of them are like Key West incanum in form and sculpture, 23^ and 25x10 mill. The others are larger and stouter, like var. saccharimeta, though hardly so strongly plicate. The larger specimens have part of the first post-nepionic whorl sharply striate. They measure: 35x13; 26^x12^; 29^x11 mill. All of them are " crab shells," and none were found living. Virginia Key is probably the extreme limit of northeastward dis- tribution in Florida ; Rhoads thought that the Virginia Key speci- mens had probably been drifted there (Nautilus, xiii, p. 45). I could not find the species around Miami or opposite on the eastern shore of Biscayne Bay. Binney reports it from the mainland of Florida, but without definite locality. Simpson reports it- from Torch Key and Pine Key, but without noting the particular forms found, from which circumstance it is likely that they did not differ from the Key West types. CUBA. 0. incanum has been recorded from Cuba on the author- ity of Poey. Several lots, so labeled, are in the collection of the Academy ; but no definite Cuban locality has been put on record. BAHAMAS. Gun Cay, one of the westernmost islets of the group. Indistinguishable from Key West forms except that the last whorl 216 CERION, GROUP V. is somewhat more costulate. Fleshy-white, with some livid spots and stains. 20x8^ mill. C. SAGRAIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 77, 78, 79, 80. Shell shortly rimate, cylindrical, solid ; whitish, marbled with light or grayish-brown. Whorls 10-11, flat, the first two uniform light brown, second to sixth whorls densely and regularly rib-striate, subsequent whorls nearly smooth, glossy, with fine growth-lines only ; the last 3 whorls of about equal diameter. Aperture irregularly ovate, tinted within. Parietal lamella strong, usually short. Axial lamella distinct. Peristome reflexed, moderately or heavily thick- ened ; the parietal callus usually strong, sometimes elevated. Length 23-24, diam. 9 mill. (Pfeiffer's types). Length 32, diam. 13 mill. Length 30, diam. 11 mill. Cuba, Keys off the northern shore of Matanzas Province : Cayo Gallndo (type locality); Cayo Piedra and Cayo Blanco, near Car- denas (Gundlach). Pupa sagraiana PFR., Zeitschr. f. MaUik., 1847, p. 15; Mai. Bl., i, 1854, p. 206; Monogr. ii, p. 322; iii, 539; iv, 658; vi, 290; Conchy!. Cab., p. 121, pi. 16, f. 4, 5. Sows., C. Icon., pi. 3, f. 19. ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 101. Strophia obscura MAY- NARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 5, 6 (March, 1896). The typical form (pi. 30, fig. 77) was small, 22-24x9 mill., smooth and marbled. Pfeiffer mentions the following forms : (b) Smaller, 17-18 mill, long, 8 wide. Punta de Jicaco, (prob- ably Punta Icacos, N. from Cardenas). (c) Large, the last whorl plicate ; length 30, diam. 11 mill. Cayo Piedra. (d) Still larger, with strongly developed peristome and distinct rib-striae ; marbled ; length 36, diam. 11| mill. Or marked with darker streaks. Cayo Blanco. The series before me shows all gradations between elaborately marbled and uniform whitish and flesh-tinted specimens. Sometimes the lower 4 whorls are smooth, sometimes the last is finely plicate at the base or throughout, or at base and near the suture. These lead to the form rf, which for convenience may be called form hologlyptum (pi. 30, fig. 83), which is evenly and closely costulate throughout, und either marbled with pale flesh-brown on a whitish ground, or fleshy-brown, speckled with white, or with whitish riblets. CERION, GROUP V. 217 Specimens from Cayo Piedra del Norte (R. Arango) vary from chalky white sparsely maculate with gray on the cone, to the usual marbled pattern. They are nearly smooth, and measure from 29x12 to 26xlO| mill. Form obscurum Maynard (pi. 30, figs. 81, 82). Katlier thick and heavy, smooth, bluish-white, obscurely marked with zigzag longi- tudinal lines of very pale yellowish-brown, scarcely to be seen on the lower whorls, better developed on the cone of the spire. Whorls 9. Length 27^, diam. HH mill. Varying from 24^ to nearly 29 mill, long. Cayo Bircle del Norte, Cuba. This seems to be practically typical sagraianum. I can find no difference whatever. There are some small, smooth specimens, pinkish-white with in- distinct flesh colored stripe-marbling, the last whorl bluish-white, in the collection of the Academy, labeled u Holguin, Cuba, Dr. Cande- laria Herrera." This is far out of the well-established range of the species, and may be erroneous, especially as that place is inland. C. POLITUM (Maynard). PI. 30, figs. 84, 85, 86, 87, 88. Shell shortly rimate, cylindrical, solid ; typically whitish, with con- spicuous brown longitudinal stripes, which may be nearly straight or somewhat dislocated or zigzag ; are numerous on the upper portion of the shell, but fewer below. Whorls 9^ to over 10, those of the cone flat, or bulging below the sutures ; the last 3 forming the cylin- drical portion, somewhat convex; last whorl ascending. Cone of the spire of medium length or short, frequently as though crowded down or slightly " telescoped," the whorls of the upper half of the cone usually .densely and sharply striate, the rest of the shell smooth, or having the base of the last whorl sharply plicatulate. Aperture large, open, brownish within ; parietal lamella short, and usually there is a callus or ill-formed lamella to the left of the parietal, more or less connected with it, but diverging from it inwardly. Axial lamella distinct, Peristome reflexed, sometimes heavily thickened. Parietal callus moderate or heavy. Length 26.2, diam. 11.2 mill. (Maynard's type). Length 29.5, diam. 12.5 mill. Cuba : Gabo Cruz, at the southwestern angle of Prov. Santiago de Cuba. Strophia marmorata polita MAYN., Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 14, 15, f. ZB, pi. 3, f. 3, 4. 218 CKltlON, GROUP V." An exceedingly embarrassing form, closely allied to C. sagrai- amim, from which it cl liters in distribution (if the assigned locality is correct), in the shorter, more' compact contour, the frequent dupli- cation of the parietal lamella, and the broader striping of the typical form. It is less heavily marked with brown than C. torrei, and either has a longer terminal cone, or if as short, it is crowded down,, as though sat upon, and then has each whorl a little swollen below the suture. The color varies from the rather broad striping of fig. 87, or a dirty white, with more or less fleshy variegation on the spire (fig. 84), to dull fleshy brown, closely speckled and streaked with white exactly the pattern of C. sayraianum (fig. 86). Form maisianum Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 30, figs. 89, 90, 91. Shell cylindric, with rather short, obtuse terminal cone, whitish, boldly striped with brown, the stripes mostly angularly interrupted or dislocated. Whorls 9-10, sculptured closely and regularly with rather narrow riblets, usually 40 to 45 on the penult, whorl, but sometimes as few as 35. Parietal lamella of the aperture simple or duplicated, as described above for C. polifum. Peristome moder- ately thick. Length 29, diam. 1H mill. Length 28, diam. 11 mill. Length 29, diam. 10^ mill. Length 23f, diam. 11 mill. Cuba : Punta Maisi (Arango, de la Torre). Pupa marmorata Pfr., ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 101 (ex- clusive of synonymy) Strophia marmorata Pfr., MAYNARD, Con- trib. to Sci., iii, pp. 12, 13, fig. 2 A on p. 15; pi. 3, f. 1, 2. Not P. marmorata Pfr. The present form is not murmorota of Pfeiffer (q. z\), a species of- the Bahamas, which is described as merely striatulate, while this form has riblets. This variety, while resembling C. politum in contour, coloration and teeth, is much like C. maritimum in sculpture ; and in fact, is about as much like that species as typical C. politum is like sagrai- anum. Maynard's specimens were said to be from Cabo Cruz, and were on the same tray with politum. Those before me are from *' Punta Maisi," sent by Arango. I suppose this to be Cape Maisi, the eastern extremity of Cuba. Prof, de la Torre gave me one from the same locality, informing me that a smooth form also occurs. This smooth form is evidently politum. CER1ON. GROUP VI. 219 Mr. Maynard's remarks upon tl>e teetli of Crrion, under his de- scription of S. polita, give evidence of the workings of a philosophic mind upon an insufficient basis of fact. C. VULNERATUM (Kiister). PI. 29, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61. Shell rimate, long and cylindric, not very thick; white, closely zigzag-striped and marbled with brown and purplish-brown, usually the dark, sometimes the light predominating. Whorls usually 10-11, the last 3 or 4 forming the cylindrical portion, smooth ; those above forming a cone with convex sides and obtuse apex, densely and min- utely rib-striate ; the last whorl ascending in front, smooth or striate at base. Aperture truncate-ovate, brown inside ; parietal lamella long, but low and narrow ; axial lamella rather inconspicuous. Per- istome white, narrow, expanded or subreflexed ; parietal callus usually thin. Length 30^, diam. 10 mill, (elongate specimen). Length 25, diam. 8 mill, (average specimen). Length 23^, diam. 9^ mill, (short specimen). Cuba: Gibara, on the N. shore of Santiago de Cuba. Pupa vulnerata Kiister, Conchyl. Cab., p. 161, pi. 19, f. 16, 17 PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 658 (1859); vi, 290; Novit. Conch., p. 368, pi. 84, f. 18-23. ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. \()\. Cerion vulneratum P. and V., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896, p. 326. Quite distinct by its rather thin shell, long, cylindrical form, and richly variegated color pattern, in which either purplish-brown or white may predominate. Rather rarely the dark markings almost disappear, leaving the shell whitish. In sculpture and coloration it is like the very much stouter C. torrei, which I believe to be closely related. VI. Group of C. scalarinum. Umbonis MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 28, type S. scalarina. Shell strongly ribbed and densely sculptured with incised spiral striae. Parietal tooth short and median. An aberrant group, related to both the preceding and the follow- ing groups; these three being probably modifications of a common Cuban stock. At least two of the known forms are from the Bahamas. Certain forms of C. mutm'a and C. dimidiatum show incised spiral 220 CERION, GROUP VI. lines like those of the present group, though less conspicuously de- veloped. a. Shell conspicuously tapering, the whorls very convex. Cuban species. b. Spire rather thick above ; whorls 9^-10^ ; alt. 17-18 mill. scalarinum, p. 223. b l . Spire much attenuated above; whorls 11|; alt. 32 mill. johnsoni, p. 223. a 1 . Shell cylindric, conic above. b. Whorls very convex, 10 ; teeth small ; 22x9 mill.; Cuba. sueyrasi, p. 222. b 1 . Whorls rather flattened. c. Umbilicus small ; ribs continued on the base ; whorls 10; 28x11^ mill.; Cat Island. felis, p. 221. c 1 . Umbilicus wide ; base usually ribless ; whorls 8-10 ; 27x12 to 21x14^ mill. Berry Island, Bahamas. stevensoni, p. 220. c\ Whorls 8; 22x11 mill. sculptum, p. 222. C. STEVENSONI Dall. PI. 44, figs. 70, 71. Shell very variable in general form, but in general roughly cylin- drical, with the nuclear whorls as it were jammed down into the blunt summit of the cylinder, with the base carinate at the periphery, where the ribs cease, and below that constricted ; whorls 8-10, nuclear ones nearly smooth, gradually developing fine transverse ribbing with subequal interspaces; these become stronger, with a strong revolving thread behind the suture ; at the third whorl then the diameter of the shell suddenly increases, the sides develop strong transverse rather irregular ribbing iviih wider interspaces, the ribs extending from the suture to the basal keel, beyond which they rarely extend ; the base beyond the keel is constricted, rudely trans- versely wrinkled, inside the verge of the umbilicus centrifugally im- pressed and axially deeply perforate ; aperture very variable in shape, with a broad, flatfish, rather thin reflected margin; there is a parietal short lamina centrally situated and strong, but no trace of an axial fold ; color light brownish or ashy to white, the whole surface sharply tpirally striated, the striae sometimes crowded, sometimes distant. (Dall.) CERION, GROUP VI. 221 Length 27, diam. 12 mill. Length 21, diam. 14.5 mill. Length 25.5, diam. 12 mill. Bahamas : Long, or Berry Island (J. A. Stevenson). Cerion stevensoni DALL, Nautilus, xiv, p. G5 (Oct. 1, 1900). This species is closely allied to C. feh's P. and V., differing from that species in the flatter, wider lip, absence of any axial lamella visible in the aperture, the much broader, somewhat funnel-shaped umbilical area, and in the sculpture of the base ; the ribs in C.felis extending to thi verge of the umbilicus, while in C. stevensoni they cease at a rounded cord or keel, which defines the base of th". shell. Below this cord the base is very convex. The specimen figured has 14 strong, rude ribs on the penultimate, 13 on the last whorl ; on the antepenultimate whorl there are 16 ribs. As in C. felis, the ribs are so strong that they produce cor- responding depressions on the inside of the shell ; and the densely crowded rib-striae of the third whorl give way rather abruptly to the coarse ribs of those succeeding. Figured from one of the type lot, kindly supplied by Professor Wm. H. Ball. C. FELIS Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 44, figs. 72, 73. Shell strong, cylindrical, with a short but deep umbilical chink; the spire terminating in a short, straightly conic, rather acute cone; dull purplish brown. Sculpture of very strong, rough ribs, much narrower than the intervals, about 16 in number on the penultimate and next earlier whorls, the whole surface scored by deep, irregu- larly crowded spiral lines. Whorls 10^-, the first smooth, next 1^ obliquely striate, the rest ribbed ; the last whorl has the base defined by a shallow furrow encircling below the periphery, the ribs continuing to the umbilical excavation, which is abruptly bounded by a slight ledge. Aperture angularly ovate, dull purplish-brown within, the parietal lamella compressed, moderately long, axial lamella incon- spicuous; peristome rather narrowly reflexed, thickened, whitish, the parietal callus rather thin. Length 28, diam. 11^ mill. Bahamas: Cat Island (Thos. Bland). C. felis P. and V., P. A. N. S., 1895, p. 206 (June 18, 1895); 1896, p. 322, pi. 11, f. 29. Related to C. stevensoni Dall, but longer, with far smaller umbil- ical excavation, and having the ribs continued upon the base. 222 CERION, GROUP VI. C. SCULPTUM (Poey). PL 29, fig. 67. Shell deeply riniate, cylindric-ovate, solid, dull whitish: sculptured with strong, wide-spaced, equidistant ribs and closely decussated with spiral stria:. Apex obtuse, conic. Whorls 8, rather flat, narrow, the last somewhat ascending in front, compressed at base. Aperture semi-oval, tawny within, having a parietal and a columellar lamella ; peristome somewhat thickened, broadly expanded, white, the margins joined by a parietal callus. Length 22, diam. 11 mill.; apei ture with peristome 9^ mill. long. (Poey). Habitat unknown. Pulpa sculpta POEY, Memorias sobra la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, ii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 22 (1856). Pupa sculpta Poey, PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 656. Close to the smaller specimens of mumio, but differs by the spiral stria?. There are 18 ribs on the last whorl. This species is known by Poey's description and outline figure only. The short, stout contour reminds one of the Bahaman species. The locality is unknown. In vol. viii of the Monographia Heliceorum, Pfeiffer reduced this species to a synonym of C. mumia, a course which Arango has fol- lowed, but which I think is quite erroneous. C. SUEYRASI ' Blanes' Pils. and Van. PL 29, fig. 68. Shell cylindrical, solid, rimate, the lower three whorls of about equal diameter, those above forming a rather short, obtuse cone. Whorls 10, the first smooth, next finely costulate, the rest very con- vex, coarsely and sharply ribbed, the ribs rather high and angular, 15 to 19 in number on the penultimate whorl; numerous rather ir- reyular spiral strice revolving about the middle of the lower two or three whorls, obsolete in some specimens. Color (of specimens some time dead when collected), creamy or fleshy white. Aperture small, with small teeth ; peristome expanded, subreflexed, blunt and rather thick, continued in a raised straight and rather heavy callus across the parietal margin. Length 21, diam. 8^, length of aperture 7 mill. Length 22, diam. 9, length of aperture 8 mill. Cuba : Vita (Francisco E. Blanes). G. sueyrasi Blanes, PILS. and VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1898, p. 477, fig. 6 (Jan. 13, 1899). A member of the group of C. scalarinum, decidedly stouter in the CKK10X, GROUP VI. 223 spire tlian C. scalarinum Gundl. or C. johnsoni Pils. and Van., and differing from C.felis P. and V. in the weak development of the teeth. It is decidedly longer than C. sculptum, with smaller aper- ture and more whorls. C. JOHNSONI Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 29, figs. 69, 70. Shell deeply riniate, turreted, with attenuated spire, rather solid, dirty white, lustcrless. Whorls 11^, the first one smooth, the next 2 striate, forming a somewhat bulbous or nipple-like apex, the rest of the whorls very convex and sculptured with very strong, widely -separated ribs, eleven on the penult., one or two fewer on earlier whorls ;' strongly striate spirally over ribs and intervals. Last w liorl widest, the others regularly tapering, upper portion of spire distinctly attenuated, apex obtuse. Aperture short- ovate, white within ; par- ietal lamella rather long but low ; axial lamella small ; peristome rather widely reflexed, thin, the parietal callus strong. Length 32, diam 11, longest axis of aperture 10 mill. Cuba. Cerion johnsoni PILS. and VAN., New species of the genus Cerion, p. 2 (May 4, 1895); Proc. Acad. N. 8., Phila., 1895, p. 207 (June 18, 1895); 1896, p. 322, pi. 11, f. 30. Strophia faxoni MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 32, pi. 7, f. 1, 2 (March, 1896). This species resembles C. scalarinum in sculpture, but is much larger, with the spire far more attenuated above. It is one of the most remarkable species of the genus. Named in honor of Charles W. Johnson, Curator of the Wagner Free Institute of Science. C. SCALARINUM (' Gundlach ' Pfeiffer). PI. 29, figs. 65, 66. Shell deeply rimate, oblong-turreted, moderately solid, pale flesh- tinted, the ribs whiter, surface lusterless. Whorls 9^ to 10^, the first one smooth, following 2 densely striate, rather flattened ; irreg- ular ribs then appearing ; the last 5^ whorls are very corn-ex, and bear sirony, rounded t ibs, about 14 on the penultimate whorl ; the ribs and intervals densely and deeply engraved with spiral strife, which are somewhat unequal and rather roughly cut. Last 2 whorls of about equal diameter, those above regularly tapering to the very large and obtuse apex. Aperture rounded, the peristome white, nar- rowly reflexed, parietal callus rather strong, lamellae weak, the par- ietal short. Length 17 to 18, diam. 6 mill., aperture with perist. 5 to 5 mill, long. 224 CERION, GROUP VII. Cuba : Gibara and Mayari, on the N. coast of Santiago de Cuba. Pupa scalarina Gundlach MSS., PFR., Malak. Bl., vii, 1860, p. 19; Monogr., vi, 292; Novit. Conch., p. 367, pi. 84, f. 16, 17 (as P. scalaris at foot of plate) Cerion scalarinum P. and V., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, p. 322. Strophia scalarina MATNARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 28, pi. 6, f. 4, 5. Not P. scalarina Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 17, f. 153, error for scalaris Parr. A peculiar little shell, intermediate between O. sueyrasi and C. johnsoni in contour. VII. Group of C. mumia. This group includes several closely related species inhabiting the northern coast of Cuba, from Bahia Honda on the west to Neuvitas- toward the east, and probably further in both directions. The species are cylindric, usually quite long, sculptured with rather wide spaced ribs, which are occasionally wanting on the cone ; color whitish or marbled and speckled ; parietal lamella varying from rather long, the inner termination not readily visible from the aperture, to shorter or obsolete. The whorls are rather convex. So far as known, none of the species have two forms, smooth and ribbed, like members of the group of C. maritimum. 1. Several lower whorls ribbed, the cone smooth or nearly so. a. Shell stout, the diam. about one-third the length ; usually large, white. C. infandum, p. 225. a 1 . Shell slender, tapering, smaller. C. mumia fasti 'gatum, p. 227. 2. All the whorls but the apical one ribbed. a. Ribs narrow, 20-27 on penult, whorl ; parietal callus and lamella strongly developed. Length less than 2^ times the diam. C. sanzi, p. 229. a 1 . Ribs stronger and usually fewer. b. Shell large, stout, 32x12 to 42x14 mill., with broad peristome and rather long parietal lamella. C. mumia, p. 225. i 1 . Similar but small, 15-22 mill. long. c. Copiously mottled with brown ; whorls 8^9. C. m. mumiofa > p. 228. c 1 . Whitish, sometimes spirally striate ; whorls 9^. C. in. hondana, p. 228.. CERION, GROUP VII. 225 b*. Shell more slender, with very weak parietal callus and small parietal lamella or none. C. m. chrysalis, p. 226. . INFANDUM (' Shuttlw.' Poey). PI. 31, figs. 92, 93, 94. Shell deeply rimate, very solid, cylindric, white. The lower 2 or 8 ichorls sculptured with rather strong riblets separated by wider, often quite wide and unequal intervals ; the rest of the whorls smooth, except that a few post-nepionic whorls usually are sharply and min- utely striatp. Whorls usually 11 to 12, nearly flat, the last ascend- ing, excavated behind the columellar lip. Aperture large, light brown within, the parietal lamella quite long, axial lamella small. Peristome very broady rejlexed, revolute, with convex face. Parietal callus rather heavy. Length 43, diam. 14 mill. (type). Length 47, diarn. 14 mill. Length 39, diam. 13^ mill. Cuba: Prov. Matanzas, at Punta Gorda (Arango). Pupa mumia var. /? PFR., Malak. Blatter, 1854, p. 208, pi. 3, f. 4, 5 ; Monogr. iv, p. 656. P. mumia SOAVB., C. Icon. f. 3b. Pupa decumana Fer., POEY, Memorias, i, p. 396. Pupa infanda Shuttl., POEY, Mem., ii, pp. 29, 60 ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 100. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 288. Sown., C. Icon., pi. 2, f. \\-Cerion infandum P. and V., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, p. 321. Some specimens of a small form before me (fig. 94) measure 27x11, and 31^x12 mill., and have 9 or 10 whorls, agreeing otherwise with the large form. C. MUMIA (Bruguiere). PI. 31, figs. 95, 96. Shell rimate and perforate, cylindrical, solid and strong; rarely uniform white, but usually gray-brown, profusely speckled or zigzag- speckled and maculate with white. Whorls about 12, moderately convex, sculptured with strong but narrow, rather oblique ribs, sep- arated by wide and often unequal spaces on the lower 4 whorls, which are of about equal diameter; the ribs closer and more regular on the cone, which is usually rather short and (except the first whorl), sculptured throughout. Aperture brown inside, the parietal lamella deeply placed rather strong and long. Axial lamella small, dentiform. Peristome flaring, broadly reflexed and revolute, with convex, brown-tinted face; parietal callus moderately heavy at the edge, or rather thin. 226 CERION, GROUP VII. Length 35, diam. 12^ mill. (Bruguiere's type). Length 32, diam. 12, to length 42, diam. 14 mill. (Matanzas spe- cimens). Cuba: Matanzas. Various varieties occur along the whole N. coast of provinces Havana and Matanzas; and according to Arango, the entire island. Bulimus mumia BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 348. Papa mumia LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 105; edit. DESK., viii, p. 168 Beck, Index, p. 82. Turbo mumia WOOD, Index Testae., pi. 32, f. Ilia (reduced from MARTINI'S figure). Helix (Cochlodonta) mumia Brug., FER., Tab). Syst., p. 58, no. 459. Turlo mumia DILLWYN, Descript. Catal., ii, p. 861. Strophia mumia MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science, ii, p. 190, pi. 16, f. 3, 3b, p. 191, f. 52. Strophia media MAYNARD, iii, p. 18, pi. 4, f. 3, 4 (March, 1896) Cerion mumia magister PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 322, pi. 1 1 , f. 4. Pupa ftrlata SCHUMACKER, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst. Vers, p. 230, Pupa manica Lamk., DESH., Encycl. Meth., ii, p. 401 (typograph- ical error for mumia) Pupa chrysalis Pfr., Monogr., ii, p. 321.- KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 6, pi. 1, f. 7, 8. Bruguiere's description and the figures he cites agree best with the large form found at Matanzas. As this place was settled in 1693, it is likely that the original specimen was brought from thence. I do not know that this form occurs at any other locality. Typical mumia is larger than chrysalis, more cylindrical, with the peristome more broadly flaring and recurved, and the parietal lamella usually better developed and quite long. It is sometimes reinforced by a callus or small tooth united to its left side. Fig. 95 of pi. 31 represents a specimen corresponding in size with the original type. Fig. 96 is a larger shell- Form medium Maynard (pi. 31, fig. 97), described from two speci- mens labeled " Cuba," differs from mumia by the smaller size with rather narrower lip. It is " yellowish white, marked everywhere with longitudinal, zigzag lines of reddish-brown, which are occasion- ally broken into lines." Length 30, diam. 12^ mill. Var. CHRYSALIS Ferussac. PI. 31, figs. 98, 99, 1, 3, 4, 5. Thinner and more slender than typical C. mumia, with the termi- CERION, GROUP VII. 'I'll rial cone longer. Whorls about 11, strongly ribbed, the spaces wider than the ribs ; this sculpture extending upon the cone to the first whorl. White, sometimes uniform, but typically marbled with zigzag stripes and fine transverse markings of purple-brown. Aperture rather small, brown inside, the parietal lamella very small or wanting, rarely of moderate size; lip reflexed, not so wide as in mumia ; parietal callus generally thin, often scarcely interrupting the ribs. Size variable: 3Hxl(>l; 33x9^; 26x11 mill. (Morro Castle, Havana). 33 to 37 x 12 ; 31 to 34i x 10 ; 25^ x 9 mill. (Carmelo, near Havana). 34 x 10 ; 28x11; 27 x 1(H (Marianao, near Havana), Northern coast of Provinces of Havana and Matanzas. Helix chrysalis FEB., Hist., pi. 153, f. 1-7. Pupa chrysalis Fer., DESHAYES, An. s. V e rt., viii, p. 181 ; and in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 205. KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 110, pi. 15, f. 1, 2. BECK, Index, p. 82, with varieties normalis (Fer. Hist., pi. 53, f. l-3),eden(nla (f. 4) and bidens (t. c., f. 5) -Pox. & MICH., Galerie. ii, p. 1G3, pi. 16, f. 9, 10. SOWB., C. Icon. pi. 1, f. 5. Pupa mumia Brug., DESII., in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 208 (description and figures, but exclusive of part of synonymy). KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 4, 110, pi. 1, f. 1,2; pi. 15, f. 3, 4. Pupa mumia BLAINV., JVIalacol. p. 458, pi. 39, f. 5 Pupa sidcata SOWB., Genera of Shells, fig. 4; the same plate printed in REEVE, Conchol. Syst., ii, pi. 170, f. 4. Strophia chrysalis Fer., MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 1, pi. 1, f. 1, 2. Strophia scripta MAYNARU, Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 3, 4 Strophia scriptn obliterata MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 5, pi, 1, f. 5, 6. Strophia fastigata MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 6, pi. 2, f. 1, 2. Strophia eurystoma MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 7, pi. 2, f. 3, 4. Strop///:/ eurystoma ignota MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 9 (March, 1896). There can be little doubt that the type locality of chrysalis was Havana ; specimens agreeing in all respects with Ferussac's figures being abundant in that neighborhood. Figures 1 to 7 of Ferussac's plate 153 represent forms of this variety, but the figures 7, 8 on his plate 156 are probably C. marmoratum, Specimens from Morro Castle, Havana (pi. 31, figs. 2, 3, 4), are mostly rather thin, with the parietal lamella small or obsolete, .MIX! the lip and parietal callus generally thin. They vary from uniform dirty-white to profusely marbled. These are typical chrysalis and probably from the original locality. 228 CEKIOX, OHOUl' VII. Specimens from Marianao (pi. 21, figs. 99, 1) and Carmelo (fig. 98) often have the peristome much more thickened than most of t